Solutions Manual for Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach 4th Edition

SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
ii ii ii




Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
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by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28
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,Artificial Intelligence ii




ii ii ii ii 1 Introduction ...
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ii ii ii ii 2 Intelligent Agents ...
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II Problem-solving
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ii ii ii ii 3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
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ii ii ii ii 4 Search in Complex Environments ...
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ii ii ii ii 5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
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ii ii ii ii 6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
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III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
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ii ii ii ii 7 Logical Agents ...
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ii ii ii ii 8 First-Order Logic ...
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ii ii ii ii 9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
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ii ii ii ii 10 Knowledge Representation ...
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ii ii ii ii 11 Automated Planning ...
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IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
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ii ii ii ii 12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
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ii ii ii ii 13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
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ii ii ii ii 14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
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ii ii ii ii 15 Probabilistic Programming ...
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ii ii ii ii 16 Making Simple Decisions ...
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ii ii ii ii 17 Making Complex Decisions ...
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ii ii ii ii 18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
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V Machine Learning
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,ii ii ii ii 19 Learning from Examples ...
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ii ii ii ii 20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
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ii ii ii ii 21 Deep Learning ...
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ii ii ii ii 22 Reinforcement Learning ...
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VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
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ii ii ii ii 23 Natural Language Processing ...
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ii ii ii ii 24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
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ii ii ii ii 25 Computer Vision ...
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ii ii ii ii 26 Robotics ...
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VII Conclusions
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ii ii ii ii 27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
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ii ii ii ii 28 The Future of AI
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, EXERCISES i i ii

1
INTRODUCTION
Note iithat iifor iimany iiof iithe iiquestions iiin iithis iichapter, iiwe iigive iireferences iiwhere iianswers
iican iibe iifound iirather iithan iiwriting iithem iiout—the iifull iianswers iiwould iibe iifar iitoo iilong.




1.1 i i What Is AI?
ii ii




Exercise ii1.1.#DEFA
Define iiin iiyour iiown iiwords: i i (a) iiintelligence, ii(b) iiartificial iiintelligence, ii(c) iiagent, ii(d)
iira- iitionality, ii(e) iilogical iireasoning.




a. Dictionary iidefinitions iiof iiintelligence iitalk iiabout ii“the iicapacity iito iiacquire iiand
iiapply iiknowledge” iior ii“the iifaculty iiof iithought iiand iireason” iior ii“the iiability iito

iicomprehend iiand iiprofit iifrom iiexperience.” i i These iiare iiall iireasonable iianswers,

iibut iiif iiwe iiwant iisomething iiquantifiable iiwe iiwould iiuse iisomething iilike ii“the iiability

iito iiact iisuccessfully iiacross iia iiwide iirange iiof iiobjectives iiin iicomplex iienvironments.”

b. We iidefine iiartificial iiintelligence iias iithe iistudy iiand iiconstruction iiof iiagent
iiprograms iithat iiperform iiwell iiin iia iigiven iiclass iiof iienvironments, iifor iia iigiven

iiagent iiarchitecture; iithey iido iithe iiright iithing. i i An iiimportant iipart iiof iithat iiis

iidealing iiwith iithe iiuncertainty iiof iiwhat iithe iicurrent iistate iiis, iiwhat iithe iioutcome iiof

iipossible iiactions iimight iibe, iiand iiwhat iiis iiit iithat iiwe iireally iidesire.

c. We iidefine iian iiagent iias iian iientity iithat iitakes iiaction iiin iiresponse iito iipercepts iifrom
iian iienvi- iironment.

d. We iidefine iirationality iias iithe iiproperty iiof iia iisystem iiwhich iidoes iithe ii“right iithing”
iigiven iiwhat iiit iiknows. i i See iiSection ii2.2 iifor iia iimore iicomplete iidiscussion. i i The

iibasic iiconcept iiis iiperfect iirationality; iiSection ii?? iidescribes iithe iiimpossibility iiof

iiachieving iiperfect iirational- iiity iiand iiproposes iian iialternative iidefinition.

e. We iidefine iilogical iireasoning iias iithe iia iiprocess iiof iideriving iinew iisentences iifrom iiold,
iisuch iithat iithe iinew iisentences iiare iinecessarily iitrue iiif iithe iiold iiones iiare iitrue. ii(Notice iithat

iidoes iinot iirefer iito iiany iispecific iisyntax iior iiformal iilanguage, iibut iiit iidoes iirequire iia iiwell-

defined iinotion iiof iitruth.)


Exercise ii1.1.#TURI
Read iiTuring’s iioriginal iipaper iion iiAI ii(Turing, ii1950). i i In iithe iipaper, iihe iidiscusses
iiseveral iiobjections iito iihis iiproposed iienterprise iiand iihis iitest iifor iiintelligence. ii Which iiobjections

iistill iicarry




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iireserved.