BUSINESS DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND
IT INFRASTRUCTURES 2ND EDITION
AGRAWAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 FULL SOLUTION
⩥ Telecommunication. Answer: the electronic transfer of data including
voice and video data. Usually for longer distances
⩥ Single layer Network Model. Answer: Examples are modulation
⩥ Multilayer Network Models. Answer: OSI and Internet are most
popular
⩥ Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model. Answer: A model used to
define how data communication occurs on computer networks. This
model is divided into layers, each of which provides services to the
layers above and below. These layers are associated with protocols and
devices. 7 layers
⩥ Internet Model. Answer: A five-layer network model most commonly
used. Created by DARPA
⩥ Protocol. Answer: Defines the language of transmission. Specifies
rules, functionality and message for communication at the layer
, ⩥ Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Answer: Contains layer specific
information necessary for a message to be transmitted through a
network.
⩥ Encapsulation. Answer: occurs when a higher level PDU is placed
inside of a lower level PDU. - Russian dolls
⩥ De Jure Standard. Answer: developed by an official industry or a
government body and is often called a formal standard
⩥ De Facto Standard. Answer: emerge in the marketplace and are
supported by several vendors but have no official standing
⩥ Application Layer. Answer: The seventh layer of the OSI model.
Application layer protocols enable software programs to negotiate
formatting, procedural, security, synchronization, and other requirements
with the network.
⩥ host-based architecture. Answer: Server contains all components
("server-based")
Common in the 1960s with mainframes and terminals
⩥ client-based architecture. Answer: Client contains presentation,
application, and data access logic
IT INFRASTRUCTURES 2ND EDITION
AGRAWAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 FULL SOLUTION
⩥ Telecommunication. Answer: the electronic transfer of data including
voice and video data. Usually for longer distances
⩥ Single layer Network Model. Answer: Examples are modulation
⩥ Multilayer Network Models. Answer: OSI and Internet are most
popular
⩥ Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model. Answer: A model used to
define how data communication occurs on computer networks. This
model is divided into layers, each of which provides services to the
layers above and below. These layers are associated with protocols and
devices. 7 layers
⩥ Internet Model. Answer: A five-layer network model most commonly
used. Created by DARPA
⩥ Protocol. Answer: Defines the language of transmission. Specifies
rules, functionality and message for communication at the layer
, ⩥ Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Answer: Contains layer specific
information necessary for a message to be transmitted through a
network.
⩥ Encapsulation. Answer: occurs when a higher level PDU is placed
inside of a lower level PDU. - Russian dolls
⩥ De Jure Standard. Answer: developed by an official industry or a
government body and is often called a formal standard
⩥ De Facto Standard. Answer: emerge in the marketplace and are
supported by several vendors but have no official standing
⩥ Application Layer. Answer: The seventh layer of the OSI model.
Application layer protocols enable software programs to negotiate
formatting, procedural, security, synchronization, and other requirements
with the network.
⩥ host-based architecture. Answer: Server contains all components
("server-based")
Common in the 1960s with mainframes and terminals
⩥ client-based architecture. Answer: Client contains presentation,
application, and data access logic
