PSYCH 515 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
What is transitive inference? - ANS Deducing relations between novel items based on
previously learned relations.
What logical rule is applied when determining who is taller between Susan and Carol if Susan is
taller than Polly and Polly is taller than Carol? - ANS Transitive inference.
What training method is used for testing transitive inference in animals? - ANS Training on
adjacent items.
Which animals perform well on all novel pairings in transitive inference tasks? -
ANS Monkeys.
What do pigeons require to perform well in transitive inference tasks? - ANS Pairs that
include a specific item (A) and a non-press item (E).
What is the significance of social hierarchies in animal reasoning? - ANS Animals can infer
their social status without direct confrontation.
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,What is the difference in social behavior between Pinyon Jays and Scrub Jays? - ANS Pinyon
Jays are very social, while Scrub Jays are not.
What reasoning method involves excluding options to arrive at a conclusion? -
ANS Disjunctive syllogism.
What is an example of disjunctive syllogism? - ANS If Cup A or Cup B, not Cup A, therefore
Cup B.
What is mutual exclusivity in reasoning? - ANS The assumption that a novel label refers to a
novel object.
What is the analogy task in reasoning? - ANS Choosing an item that matches the relation of
two other items.
What is the reflection effect in decision-making? - ANS Risk-seeking when framed as losses
and risk-averse when framed as gains.
What is the endowment effect? - ANS The tendency to value an owned object more than an
equally-priced object.
How do capuchin monkeys exhibit loss aversion? - ANS They prefer risky choices when faced
with potential gains.
What is the planning behavior observed in Scrub Jays? - ANS They plan for future meals by
caching food.
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, What is the outcome of the study by Raby et al. (2007) on Scrub Jays? - ANS They were
trained to cache food in anticipation of future meals.
What is the significance of the study by Grosenick et al. (2007) on cichlid fish? - ANS Cichlid
fish use transitive inference to choose less dominant fish to associate with.
What is the main difference in reasoning abilities between humans and non-human animals? -
ANS Humans exhibit irrational biases in decision-making that are less observed in non-
humans.
What is the role of second-order logic in analogy? - ANS It requires identifying relations
between relations, which is difficult for non-humans.
What is the primary focus of the research by Chen et al. (2006) on monkey decision-making? -
ANS Monkeys spend tokens rationally in a token-trading economy.
What is the conclusion drawn from the endowment effect in chimpanzees? -
ANS Chimpanzees prefer to keep what they already own, similar to humans.
What are the implications of irrational biases in decision-making for animals? - ANS Animals,
like humans, can exhibit biases such as loss aversion and the endowment effect.
What is the significance of the findings from Paz-y-Mino et al. (2004) regarding social
interactions in birds? - ANS Birds' social interactions influence their behavior and decision-
making in hierarchical contexts.
What cognitive ability is demonstrated by monkeys after extensive training on analogy tasks? -
ANS They can match relations between objects, though it requires extensive practice.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS 100% PASS
What is transitive inference? - ANS Deducing relations between novel items based on
previously learned relations.
What logical rule is applied when determining who is taller between Susan and Carol if Susan is
taller than Polly and Polly is taller than Carol? - ANS Transitive inference.
What training method is used for testing transitive inference in animals? - ANS Training on
adjacent items.
Which animals perform well on all novel pairings in transitive inference tasks? -
ANS Monkeys.
What do pigeons require to perform well in transitive inference tasks? - ANS Pairs that
include a specific item (A) and a non-press item (E).
What is the significance of social hierarchies in animal reasoning? - ANS Animals can infer
their social status without direct confrontation.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is the difference in social behavior between Pinyon Jays and Scrub Jays? - ANS Pinyon
Jays are very social, while Scrub Jays are not.
What reasoning method involves excluding options to arrive at a conclusion? -
ANS Disjunctive syllogism.
What is an example of disjunctive syllogism? - ANS If Cup A or Cup B, not Cup A, therefore
Cup B.
What is mutual exclusivity in reasoning? - ANS The assumption that a novel label refers to a
novel object.
What is the analogy task in reasoning? - ANS Choosing an item that matches the relation of
two other items.
What is the reflection effect in decision-making? - ANS Risk-seeking when framed as losses
and risk-averse when framed as gains.
What is the endowment effect? - ANS The tendency to value an owned object more than an
equally-priced object.
How do capuchin monkeys exhibit loss aversion? - ANS They prefer risky choices when faced
with potential gains.
What is the planning behavior observed in Scrub Jays? - ANS They plan for future meals by
caching food.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What is the outcome of the study by Raby et al. (2007) on Scrub Jays? - ANS They were
trained to cache food in anticipation of future meals.
What is the significance of the study by Grosenick et al. (2007) on cichlid fish? - ANS Cichlid
fish use transitive inference to choose less dominant fish to associate with.
What is the main difference in reasoning abilities between humans and non-human animals? -
ANS Humans exhibit irrational biases in decision-making that are less observed in non-
humans.
What is the role of second-order logic in analogy? - ANS It requires identifying relations
between relations, which is difficult for non-humans.
What is the primary focus of the research by Chen et al. (2006) on monkey decision-making? -
ANS Monkeys spend tokens rationally in a token-trading economy.
What is the conclusion drawn from the endowment effect in chimpanzees? -
ANS Chimpanzees prefer to keep what they already own, similar to humans.
What are the implications of irrational biases in decision-making for animals? - ANS Animals,
like humans, can exhibit biases such as loss aversion and the endowment effect.
What is the significance of the findings from Paz-y-Mino et al. (2004) regarding social
interactions in birds? - ANS Birds' social interactions influence their behavior and decision-
making in hierarchical contexts.
What cognitive ability is demonstrated by monkeys after extensive training on analogy tasks? -
ANS They can match relations between objects, though it requires extensive practice.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
