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Solution Manual V
FederalVTaxVResearch
byVRobyVSawyers,VStevenVGill
12thVEdition
SOLUTION MANUAL!!!
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SolutionVManualVFederalVTaxVResearchV12thVEditionVbyVRobyVSawyers, VStevenVGill
CHAPTERV1
INTRODUCTIONVTOVTAXVPRACTICEVANDVETHICS
DISCUSSIONVQUESTIONS
1-1.
InVtheVUnitedVStates,VtheVtaxVsystemVisVanVoutgrowthVofVtheVfollowingVfiveV
disciplines:Vlaw,Vaccounting,Veconomics,VpoliticalVscience,VandVsociology.VTheVenviron
mentVforVtheVtaxVsystemVisVprovidedVbyVtheVprinciplesVofVeconomics,Vsociology,VandV
politicalVscience,VwhileVtheVlegalVandVaccountingVfieldsVareVresponsibleVforVtheVsyste
m‘sVinterpretationVandVapplication.
EachVofVtheseVdisciplinesVaffectsVthisVcountry‘sVtaxVsystemVinVaVuniqueVway.VEconomi
stsVaddressVsuchVissuesVasVhowVproposedVtaxVlegislationVwillVaffectVtheVrateVofVinflatio
nVorVeconomicVgrowth.VMeasurementVofVtheVsocialVequityVofVaVtaxVandVdeterminingV
whetherVaVtaxVsystemVdiscriminatesVagainstVcertainVtaxpayersVareVissuesVthatVareVexam
inedVbyVsociologistsVandVpoliticalVscientists.VFinally,VattorneysVareVresponsibleVforVtheV
interpretationVofVtheVtaxationVstatutes,VandVaccountantsVensureVthatVtheseVsameVstatutes
VareVappliedVconsistently.
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1-2. TheVotherVmajorVcategoriesVofVtaxVpracticeVinVadditionVtoVtaxVresearchVareVasVfollows:
• TaxVcompliance
• TaxVplanning
• TaxVlitigatio
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1-3.
TaxVcomplianceVconsistsVofVgatheringVpertinentVinformation,VevaluatingVandVcl
assifyingVthatVinformation,VandVfilingVanyVnecessaryVtaxVreturns.VComplianceValsoVincl
udesVotherVfunctionsVnecessaryVtoVsatisfyVgovernmentalVrequirements,VsuchVasVrepresent
ingVaVclientVduringVanVInternalVRevenueVServiceV(IRS)Vaudit.
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PageV5
1-4.
MostVofVtheVtaxVcomplianceVworkVisVperformedVbyVcommercialVtaxVpreparers,
VenrolledVagentsV(EAs),Vattorneys,VandVcertifiedVpublicVaccountantsV(CPAs).VNoncomple
xVindividual,Vpartnership,VandVcorporateVtaxVreturnsVoftenVareVcompletedVbyVcommercia
lVtaxVpreparers.VTheVpreparationVofVmoreVcomplexVreturnsVusuallyVisVperformedVbyVEA
s,Vattorneys,VandVCPAs.VTheVlatterVgroupsValsoVprovideVtaxVplanningVservicesVandVrepr
esentVtheirVclientsVbeforeVtheVIRS.
AnVEAVisVoneVwhoVisVadmittedVtoVpracticeVbeforeVtheVIRSVbyVpassingVaVspecialVIRS-
administeredVexamination,VorVwhoVhasVworkedVforVtheVIRSVforVfiveVyearsVandVisVissued
VaVpermitVtoVrepresentVclientsVbeforeVtheVIRS.VCPAsVandVattorneysVareVnotVrequiredVtoV
takeVthisVexaminationVandVareVautomaticallyVadmittedVtoVpracticeVbeforeVtheVIRSVifVtheyV
areVinVgoodVstandingVwithVtheVappropriateVprofessionalVlicensingVboard.
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1-5.
TaxVplanningVisVtheVprocessVofVarrangingVone‘sVfinancialVaffairsVtoVminimizeVany
VtaxVliability.VMuchVofVmodernVtaxVpracticeVcentersVaroundVthisVprocess,VandVtheVresultin
gVoutcomeVisVtaxVavoidance.
ThereVisVnothingVillegalVorVimmoralVinVtheVavoidanceVofVtaxationVasVlongVasVtheVtaxpay
erVremainsVwithinVlegalVbounds.VInVcontrast,VtaxVevasionVconstitutesVtheVillegalVnonpayme
ntVofVaVtaxVandVcannotVbeVcondoned.VActivitiesVofVthisVsortVclearlyVviolateVexistingVlegal
VconstraintsVandVfallVoutsideVofVtheVdomainVofVtheVprofessionalVtaxVpractitioner.
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1-6.
InVanVopenVtaxVplanningVsituation,VtheVtransactionVisVnotVyetVcomplete;Vtherefore,
VtheVtaxVpractitionerVmaintainsVsomeVdegreeVofVcontrolVoverVtheVpotentialVtaxVliability,Van
dVtheVtransactionVmayVbeVmodi-
VfiedVtoVachieveVaVmoreVfavorableVtaxVtreatment.VInVaVclosedVtransactionVhowever,VallVof
VtheVpertinentVactionsVhaveVbeenVcompleted,VandVtaxVplanningVactivitiesVmayVbeVlimitedV
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toVtheVpresentationVofVtheVsituationVtoVtheVgovernmentVinVtheVmostVlegally
VmannerVpossible.
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