Communicatiewetenschappen: Ba1
Communicatiewetenschappen deel 1 ......................................................................................................... 5
1. Teken en betekenis ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Basisconcepten...................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Tekensystemen ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1. Tekensysteem van Charles Peirce (VSA) ............................................................................... 5
1.2.2. Tekensysteem van F. de Saussure (EU): ................................................................................ 5
1.3. Tekenindelingen ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1. Peirce ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2. Peters............................................................................................................................. 6
2. Wat is communicatie? ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.1. Communicator ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Boodschap ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.3. Encoderen / decoderen ........................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Transmissie, kanaal & medium................................................................................................. 7
2.5. Ontvanger .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.6. Conclusie .............................................................................................................................. 8
3. Communicatiemodellen .................................................................................................................. 9
3.1. Model van Lasswell (1948) ....................................................................................................... 9
3.2. Model van Shannon & Weaver (1949) ........................................................................................ 9
3.3. Balansmodel van Newcomb (1953) ABX-model ......................................................................... 9
3.4. Model van Schramm (1954) ................................................................................................... 10
3.5. Model van Gerbner (1956) ..................................................................................................... 10
3.6. Model van Jakobson (1960) .................................................................................................... 10
3.7. Procesmodel van Oomkes (2000) ........................................................................................... 11
4. Visies en vormen van communicatie ............................................................................................... 11
4.1. 4 visies van McQuail.............................................................................................................. 11
4.2. Twee theoretische scholen van Fiske ...................................................................................... 12
A) Processchool (transmissievisie) ............................................................................................. 12
B) Semiotische school (receptievisie) ......................................................................................... 12
5. 4 soorten communicatie ................................................................................................................ 12
A) Intrapersoonlijke communicatie ............................................................................................ 12
B) Interpersoonlijke communicatie ............................................................................................ 12
C) Massacommunicatie ............................................................................................................ 12
D) Non-verbale communicatie ................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 2: ontwikkeling vd CW .............................................................................................................. 14
1
, 1. Status .......................................................................................................................................... 14
2. Ontstaan en ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 14
3. Theorie en paradigma’s .................................................................................................................. 15
Theorieën / theoretische scholen ................................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 3: coming of age ...................................................................................................................... 17
1. Massa maatschappij ..................................................................................................................... 17
1.1. Algemene visie ..................................................................................................................... 17
1.2. Sociologische benaderingen .................................................................................................. 17
1.3. Psychologische benaderingen ............................................................................................... 17
2. Massamaatschappijtheorie............................................................................................................ 18
3. Propaganda .................................................................................................................................. 18
Hoofdstuk 4: mainstreamparadigma ......................................................................................................... 20
1. Mosterd van CW ............................................................................................................................ 20
1.1. Functionalisme of structurele benadering ........................................................................... 20
1.2. Actiegerichte benadering ................................................................................................... 21
1.3. Psychologie: congruentietheorie ........................................................................................ 22
1.4. Sociolinguïstiek ................................................................................................................ 22
2. Relatie media en publiek (evaluatie effectonderzoek) ....................................................................... 23
Fase 2: limited effects ....................................................................................................................... 23
Fase 3: structurerende macht van de media (powerful media) 1960-1980 ............................................. 23
Fase 4: negotiated media invloed ....................................................................................................... 24
Hoofdstuk 5: alternatief paradigma ........................................................................................................... 25
Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 25
1. Marxistische benaderingen ............................................................................................................ 25
2. Kritische theorie – Frankfurter Schule ............................................................................................. 25
3. Politieke economie ........................................................................................................................ 26
4. Cultural studies ............................................................................................................................ 26
5. Post-benaderingen ........................................................................................................................ 27
1.. Poststructuralisme ................................................................................................................... 27
2.. creatieve consumptie ............................................................................................................... 27
3.. Postmodernisme ...................................................................................................................... 28
Hoofdstuk 6: nieuwe tijden, nieuwe theorieën............................................................................................ 29
1. Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 29
2. Media en ICT ................................................................................................................................. 29
I. Burgelman: niemandsland (tussen 2 fronten in) ...................................................................... 29
II. Diffusietheorie van Rogers: hoe innovaties aanvaard worden (= adoptie) ................................... 29
3. Medium technologische theorie ..................................................................................................... 30
2
, McLuhan ...................................................................................................................................... 30
4. Informatietheorie .......................................................................................................................... 30
5. Nieuwe mediatheorieën................................................................................................................. 31
I. New media theory ................................................................................................................. 31
II. Practice theory ..................................................................................................................... 31
III. Mediazation ......................................................................................................................... 31
Hoofdstuk 8: mediageschiedenis – historisch perspectief........................................................................... 32
1. Gesproken taal.............................................................................................................................. 32
2. Geschreven taal ............................................................................................................................ 32
3. Drukkunst ..................................................................................................................................... 33
4. Dagbladpers ................................................................................................................................. 33
5. Registratie van beeld en geluid ....................................................................................................... 34
I. Fotografie ............................................................................................................................. 34
II. Film ..................................................................................................................................... 34
III. Geluidsregistratie ................................................................................................................. 34
6. Elektronische telecommunicatie .................................................................................................... 35
I. Telegraaf .............................................................................................................................. 35
II. Telefoon ............................................................................................................................... 35
III. Radio ................................................................................................................................... 35
IV. Televisie ............................................................................................................................... 36
7. Digitale communicatie .................................................................................................................. 36
8. Besluit .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Hoofdstuk 9: een sociologisch perspectief ................................................................................................ 37
1. Centrale thema’s ........................................................................................................................... 37
1.1. Macht .................................................................................................................................. 37
1.2. Media en sociale integratie .................................................................................................... 37
1.3. Sociale verandering .............................................................................................................. 37
2. Cultuur en identiteit ...................................................................................................................... 38
2.1. Cultuur ................................................................................................................................ 38
2.2. Identiteit .............................................................................................................................. 38
3. Communicatorstudies................................................................................................................... 39
3.1. Gebeurtenis-gericht .......................................................................................................... 39
3.2. Journalist-gericht .............................................................................................................. 39
3.3. mediaorganisatiegericht .................................................................................................... 39
3.4. Mediapraktijk-gericht ........................................................................................................ 40
3.5. Maatschappij gericht ......................................................................................................... 40
Gatekeeping ..................................................................................................................................... 40
3
, 4. Beroepsrol .................................................................................................................................... 40
Hoofdstuk 10: media-economie ............................................................................................................... 41
1. Economische basisprincipes ......................................................................................................... 41
Verschillende waardes................................................................................................................... 41
Tweezijdige markt .......................................................................................................................... 41
Marktfalen en publieke goederen .................................................................................................... 41
Risky buisness .............................................................................................................................. 41
Economies of scale and scope ....................................................................................................... 41
2. Risky media business .................................................................................................................... 42
Strategieën ................................................................................................................................... 42
Soorten mediacompetentie ........................................................................................................... 42
3. Nieuwe media-economie ............................................................................................................... 42
Hoofdstuk 11: media, normativiteit en beleid ............................................................................................. 43
1. Normatieve modellen .................................................................................................................... 43
2. Mediabeleid .................................................................................................................................. 44
3. Normatieve aspecten van media .................................................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 12: mediaboodschap en representatie ...................................................................................... 45
1. Representatie ............................................................................................................................... 45
1. Gatekeeping............................................................................................................................. 46
2. Vormen van media-inhoud ............................................................................................................. 47
3. Inhoudsanalyse ............................................................................................................................ 47
Hoofdstuk 13: een publieksperspectief ..................................................................................................... 48
1. Ontvanger ..................................................................................................................................... 48
2. Publieksonderzoek ........................................................................................................................ 48
3. Persuasieve communicatie ............................................................................................................ 48
4. Mediawijsheid ............................................................................................................................... 49
4
Communicatiewetenschappen deel 1 ......................................................................................................... 5
1. Teken en betekenis ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Basisconcepten...................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Tekensystemen ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1. Tekensysteem van Charles Peirce (VSA) ............................................................................... 5
1.2.2. Tekensysteem van F. de Saussure (EU): ................................................................................ 5
1.3. Tekenindelingen ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1. Peirce ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2. Peters............................................................................................................................. 6
2. Wat is communicatie? ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.1. Communicator ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Boodschap ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.3. Encoderen / decoderen ........................................................................................................... 7
2.4. Transmissie, kanaal & medium................................................................................................. 7
2.5. Ontvanger .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.6. Conclusie .............................................................................................................................. 8
3. Communicatiemodellen .................................................................................................................. 9
3.1. Model van Lasswell (1948) ....................................................................................................... 9
3.2. Model van Shannon & Weaver (1949) ........................................................................................ 9
3.3. Balansmodel van Newcomb (1953) ABX-model ......................................................................... 9
3.4. Model van Schramm (1954) ................................................................................................... 10
3.5. Model van Gerbner (1956) ..................................................................................................... 10
3.6. Model van Jakobson (1960) .................................................................................................... 10
3.7. Procesmodel van Oomkes (2000) ........................................................................................... 11
4. Visies en vormen van communicatie ............................................................................................... 11
4.1. 4 visies van McQuail.............................................................................................................. 11
4.2. Twee theoretische scholen van Fiske ...................................................................................... 12
A) Processchool (transmissievisie) ............................................................................................. 12
B) Semiotische school (receptievisie) ......................................................................................... 12
5. 4 soorten communicatie ................................................................................................................ 12
A) Intrapersoonlijke communicatie ............................................................................................ 12
B) Interpersoonlijke communicatie ............................................................................................ 12
C) Massacommunicatie ............................................................................................................ 12
D) Non-verbale communicatie ................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 2: ontwikkeling vd CW .............................................................................................................. 14
1
, 1. Status .......................................................................................................................................... 14
2. Ontstaan en ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 14
3. Theorie en paradigma’s .................................................................................................................. 15
Theorieën / theoretische scholen ................................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 3: coming of age ...................................................................................................................... 17
1. Massa maatschappij ..................................................................................................................... 17
1.1. Algemene visie ..................................................................................................................... 17
1.2. Sociologische benaderingen .................................................................................................. 17
1.3. Psychologische benaderingen ............................................................................................... 17
2. Massamaatschappijtheorie............................................................................................................ 18
3. Propaganda .................................................................................................................................. 18
Hoofdstuk 4: mainstreamparadigma ......................................................................................................... 20
1. Mosterd van CW ............................................................................................................................ 20
1.1. Functionalisme of structurele benadering ........................................................................... 20
1.2. Actiegerichte benadering ................................................................................................... 21
1.3. Psychologie: congruentietheorie ........................................................................................ 22
1.4. Sociolinguïstiek ................................................................................................................ 22
2. Relatie media en publiek (evaluatie effectonderzoek) ....................................................................... 23
Fase 2: limited effects ....................................................................................................................... 23
Fase 3: structurerende macht van de media (powerful media) 1960-1980 ............................................. 23
Fase 4: negotiated media invloed ....................................................................................................... 24
Hoofdstuk 5: alternatief paradigma ........................................................................................................... 25
Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 25
1. Marxistische benaderingen ............................................................................................................ 25
2. Kritische theorie – Frankfurter Schule ............................................................................................. 25
3. Politieke economie ........................................................................................................................ 26
4. Cultural studies ............................................................................................................................ 26
5. Post-benaderingen ........................................................................................................................ 27
1.. Poststructuralisme ................................................................................................................... 27
2.. creatieve consumptie ............................................................................................................... 27
3.. Postmodernisme ...................................................................................................................... 28
Hoofdstuk 6: nieuwe tijden, nieuwe theorieën............................................................................................ 29
1. Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 29
2. Media en ICT ................................................................................................................................. 29
I. Burgelman: niemandsland (tussen 2 fronten in) ...................................................................... 29
II. Diffusietheorie van Rogers: hoe innovaties aanvaard worden (= adoptie) ................................... 29
3. Medium technologische theorie ..................................................................................................... 30
2
, McLuhan ...................................................................................................................................... 30
4. Informatietheorie .......................................................................................................................... 30
5. Nieuwe mediatheorieën................................................................................................................. 31
I. New media theory ................................................................................................................. 31
II. Practice theory ..................................................................................................................... 31
III. Mediazation ......................................................................................................................... 31
Hoofdstuk 8: mediageschiedenis – historisch perspectief........................................................................... 32
1. Gesproken taal.............................................................................................................................. 32
2. Geschreven taal ............................................................................................................................ 32
3. Drukkunst ..................................................................................................................................... 33
4. Dagbladpers ................................................................................................................................. 33
5. Registratie van beeld en geluid ....................................................................................................... 34
I. Fotografie ............................................................................................................................. 34
II. Film ..................................................................................................................................... 34
III. Geluidsregistratie ................................................................................................................. 34
6. Elektronische telecommunicatie .................................................................................................... 35
I. Telegraaf .............................................................................................................................. 35
II. Telefoon ............................................................................................................................... 35
III. Radio ................................................................................................................................... 35
IV. Televisie ............................................................................................................................... 36
7. Digitale communicatie .................................................................................................................. 36
8. Besluit .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Hoofdstuk 9: een sociologisch perspectief ................................................................................................ 37
1. Centrale thema’s ........................................................................................................................... 37
1.1. Macht .................................................................................................................................. 37
1.2. Media en sociale integratie .................................................................................................... 37
1.3. Sociale verandering .............................................................................................................. 37
2. Cultuur en identiteit ...................................................................................................................... 38
2.1. Cultuur ................................................................................................................................ 38
2.2. Identiteit .............................................................................................................................. 38
3. Communicatorstudies................................................................................................................... 39
3.1. Gebeurtenis-gericht .......................................................................................................... 39
3.2. Journalist-gericht .............................................................................................................. 39
3.3. mediaorganisatiegericht .................................................................................................... 39
3.4. Mediapraktijk-gericht ........................................................................................................ 40
3.5. Maatschappij gericht ......................................................................................................... 40
Gatekeeping ..................................................................................................................................... 40
3
, 4. Beroepsrol .................................................................................................................................... 40
Hoofdstuk 10: media-economie ............................................................................................................... 41
1. Economische basisprincipes ......................................................................................................... 41
Verschillende waardes................................................................................................................... 41
Tweezijdige markt .......................................................................................................................... 41
Marktfalen en publieke goederen .................................................................................................... 41
Risky buisness .............................................................................................................................. 41
Economies of scale and scope ....................................................................................................... 41
2. Risky media business .................................................................................................................... 42
Strategieën ................................................................................................................................... 42
Soorten mediacompetentie ........................................................................................................... 42
3. Nieuwe media-economie ............................................................................................................... 42
Hoofdstuk 11: media, normativiteit en beleid ............................................................................................. 43
1. Normatieve modellen .................................................................................................................... 43
2. Mediabeleid .................................................................................................................................. 44
3. Normatieve aspecten van media .................................................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 12: mediaboodschap en representatie ...................................................................................... 45
1. Representatie ............................................................................................................................... 45
1. Gatekeeping............................................................................................................................. 46
2. Vormen van media-inhoud ............................................................................................................. 47
3. Inhoudsanalyse ............................................................................................................................ 47
Hoofdstuk 13: een publieksperspectief ..................................................................................................... 48
1. Ontvanger ..................................................................................................................................... 48
2. Publieksonderzoek ........................................................................................................................ 48
3. Persuasieve communicatie ............................................................................................................ 48
4. Mediawijsheid ............................................................................................................................... 49
4
