BIOLOGY 101 LATEST 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Catabolism - ✔✔The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down
chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
✔✔Autotrophs - ✔✔Organisms that are able to make their own food.
✔✔Heterotrophs - ✔✔Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
✔✔Asexual reproduction - ✔✔Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
✔✔Sexual reproduction - ✔✔Reproduction that requires two organisms
✔✔Inheritance - ✔✔The process by which physical and biological characteristics are
transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared
to that of its parents
✔✔Hypothesis - ✔✔An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or
answer a question.
✔✔Theory - ✔✔A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
✔✔Scientific law - ✔✔A rule of nature
✔✔Microorganisms - ✔✔Living creatures such as bacteria, most protists, and some
fungi that are too small to see with the naked eye.
✔✔Prokaryotic cell - ✔✔A cell that has no nucleus or distinct, membrane-bounded
organelles.
✔✔Eukaryotic cell - ✔✔A cell with a nucleus distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
✔✔Pathogen - ✔✔An organism that causes disease.
✔✔Saprophyte - ✔✔An organism that feeds on dead matter.
✔✔Parasite - ✔✔An organism that feeds on a living host.
✔✔Aerobic organism - ✔✔An organism that requires oxygen.
✔✔Anaerobic organism - ✔✔An organism that does not require oxygen.
, ✔✔Conjugation - ✔✔A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA
transfer.
✔✔Plasmid - ✔✔A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to
a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
✔✔Transformation - ✔✔The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell
to that of a functional recipient cell.
✔✔Transduction - ✔✔The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being
transferred from one bacterium to another.
✔✔Endospore - ✔✔The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with
several hard layers that helps the organism survive harsh conditions..
✔✔Pseudopod - ✔✔A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or
engulfing food.
✔✔Flagellate - ✔✔A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
✔✔Pellicle - ✔✔A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
✔✔Chloroplast - ✔✔An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
✔✔Chlorophyll - ✔✔A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
✔✔Eyespot - ✔✔A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa
✔✔Symbiosis - ✔✔A close relationship between two or more species where at least
one benefits.
✔✔Mutualism - ✔✔A relationship between two or more organisms of different species
where all benefit from the association.
✔✔Commonesalism - ✔✔A relationship between two organisms of different species
where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
✔✔Parasitism - ✔✔A relationship between two organisms of different species where
one benefits and the other is harmed.
✔✔Cilia - ✔✔Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used
for locomotion.
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Catabolism - ✔✔The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down
chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
✔✔Autotrophs - ✔✔Organisms that are able to make their own food.
✔✔Heterotrophs - ✔✔Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
✔✔Asexual reproduction - ✔✔Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
✔✔Sexual reproduction - ✔✔Reproduction that requires two organisms
✔✔Inheritance - ✔✔The process by which physical and biological characteristics are
transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared
to that of its parents
✔✔Hypothesis - ✔✔An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or
answer a question.
✔✔Theory - ✔✔A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
✔✔Scientific law - ✔✔A rule of nature
✔✔Microorganisms - ✔✔Living creatures such as bacteria, most protists, and some
fungi that are too small to see with the naked eye.
✔✔Prokaryotic cell - ✔✔A cell that has no nucleus or distinct, membrane-bounded
organelles.
✔✔Eukaryotic cell - ✔✔A cell with a nucleus distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
✔✔Pathogen - ✔✔An organism that causes disease.
✔✔Saprophyte - ✔✔An organism that feeds on dead matter.
✔✔Parasite - ✔✔An organism that feeds on a living host.
✔✔Aerobic organism - ✔✔An organism that requires oxygen.
✔✔Anaerobic organism - ✔✔An organism that does not require oxygen.
, ✔✔Conjugation - ✔✔A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA
transfer.
✔✔Plasmid - ✔✔A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to
a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
✔✔Transformation - ✔✔The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell
to that of a functional recipient cell.
✔✔Transduction - ✔✔The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being
transferred from one bacterium to another.
✔✔Endospore - ✔✔The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with
several hard layers that helps the organism survive harsh conditions..
✔✔Pseudopod - ✔✔A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or
engulfing food.
✔✔Flagellate - ✔✔A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
✔✔Pellicle - ✔✔A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
✔✔Chloroplast - ✔✔An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
✔✔Chlorophyll - ✔✔A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
✔✔Eyespot - ✔✔A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa
✔✔Symbiosis - ✔✔A close relationship between two or more species where at least
one benefits.
✔✔Mutualism - ✔✔A relationship between two or more organisms of different species
where all benefit from the association.
✔✔Commonesalism - ✔✔A relationship between two organisms of different species
where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
✔✔Parasitism - ✔✔A relationship between two organisms of different species where
one benefits and the other is harmed.
✔✔Cilia - ✔✔Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used
for locomotion.
