Mid-term review LVN Unitek
Pulse sites
temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial,
dorsalis pedis
How to take blood pressure
Feet flat on floor
Patient's palm resting face up on table and level with heart (not above)
Stages of hypertension
prehypertension 120--90
Stage 1 140--99
Stage 2 160+ / 100+
remember 140/90? just put that at stage 1 and the rest falls in place.
Stage One of Hypertension
This first stage of the four stages of hypertension is referred to as the "normal" stage. A
person's systolic will be at less than 130 mm Hg and their diastolic will be less than 80
mm Hg. At this point, a person will not require treatment, as their blood pressure is
normal. It is important, however, to monitor the blood pressure to ensure that it is
staying normal.
Stage Two of Hypertension
This stage is referred to as prehypertension. Systolic will be between 130 and 139 mm
Hg and diastolic will be between 80 and 89 mm Hg. Prehypertension is exactly what it
sounds like, the stage before someone crosses into hypertension. A person who is at
stage two of hypertension is at risk for developing high blood pressure, but still has a
chance to avoid it.
At this stage, a person has some risk of experiencing heart disease or a stroke.
Medication is typically not used at this point because it hasn't been proven to help
against potential strokes or heart disease at this stage. However, a person should still try
to make lifestyle changes to avoid hypertension. This could mean quitting smoking or
changing the way you eat. Exercise is a great way of lowering your blood pressure, as is
trying the DASH diet.
,Stage Three of Hypertension
Stage three of hypertension is actually referred to as "stage 1". Systolic is between 140
and 159 mm Hg and diastolic is between 90 and 99 mm Hg. A person at stage 1 is in
danger of a variety of health complications due to moderate hypertension. At this point,
a person would be expected to try medication to reduce their blood pressure and risk of
heart disease and/or stroke. These drugs include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor
blockers, beta blockers, thiazide diuretics, and calcium channel blockers. They would
also be expected to make diet and lifestyle changes.
Stage Four of Hypertension
Stage four is known as "stage 2" hypertension. Systolic is at 160 mm Hg or
higher and diastolic is at 100 mm Hg or higher. At this point, a person's hypertension
would be classified as severe. Due to this, they would most likely be recommended a
two-drug therapy to try and bring their blood pressure down. A person at stage 2
hypertension is at high risk for coronary heart disease, which can lead to a heart attack
or stroke. You will have to have your blood pressure checked regularly and follow a
strict regimen that will likely include dietary changes, exercise, and lifestyle changes.
Straining during defecation
-vagal stimulation, which slows the heart rate, occurs during straining while defecating,
taking rectal temperatures, completion of enemas, and digital removal of impacted stool
sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight - the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body,
mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Breathe quicker, palms sweat, heart races, pupils widen, mouth dry and hard to spk -
stressed.
Heart - increases rate and strength of contraction
Bronchial tubes - dilated which increases airflow
Iris of eye - dilated pupil enlarges
Blood vessels - constrict
Sweat glands - stimulates
Intestine - inhibits motility and secretion
Uterus - relaxes muscle
Adrenal medulla - stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Salivary glands - stimulates thick secretion
Urinary system: bladder wall - relaxes muscle
Internal sphincter: closes
, Nociceptors (pain receptors)
chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissue (caused by
chemicals, ischemia, distinction or distortion)
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its
energy. Feed and breed division.
Decreases heart rate
Constricts bronchial tubes so airflow decreases
Iris constricts
Blood vessels - no innervation
Sweat glands - no innervation
Intestine - stimulates motility and secretion
Uterus - no effect
Adrenal medulla - no effect
Salivary glands - stimulate watery secretion
Urinary system: bladder wall - contracts muscle
Internal sphincter: opens
structures of the large intestine
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum,
anal canal
digestive enzymes
proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to BREAK
DOWN, converts and stores into simpler compounds and gets rid of what
Amylase, produced in the mouth. break down start into sugar
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. - breakdowns fats and oils
Protese - protein
urinary tract
ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Transport urine out of the body (ureter: main
plumbing)
Artery that supplies kidneys
renal artery which arises from the abdominal aorta
Pulse sites
temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial,
dorsalis pedis
How to take blood pressure
Feet flat on floor
Patient's palm resting face up on table and level with heart (not above)
Stages of hypertension
prehypertension 120--90
Stage 1 140--99
Stage 2 160+ / 100+
remember 140/90? just put that at stage 1 and the rest falls in place.
Stage One of Hypertension
This first stage of the four stages of hypertension is referred to as the "normal" stage. A
person's systolic will be at less than 130 mm Hg and their diastolic will be less than 80
mm Hg. At this point, a person will not require treatment, as their blood pressure is
normal. It is important, however, to monitor the blood pressure to ensure that it is
staying normal.
Stage Two of Hypertension
This stage is referred to as prehypertension. Systolic will be between 130 and 139 mm
Hg and diastolic will be between 80 and 89 mm Hg. Prehypertension is exactly what it
sounds like, the stage before someone crosses into hypertension. A person who is at
stage two of hypertension is at risk for developing high blood pressure, but still has a
chance to avoid it.
At this stage, a person has some risk of experiencing heart disease or a stroke.
Medication is typically not used at this point because it hasn't been proven to help
against potential strokes or heart disease at this stage. However, a person should still try
to make lifestyle changes to avoid hypertension. This could mean quitting smoking or
changing the way you eat. Exercise is a great way of lowering your blood pressure, as is
trying the DASH diet.
,Stage Three of Hypertension
Stage three of hypertension is actually referred to as "stage 1". Systolic is between 140
and 159 mm Hg and diastolic is between 90 and 99 mm Hg. A person at stage 1 is in
danger of a variety of health complications due to moderate hypertension. At this point,
a person would be expected to try medication to reduce their blood pressure and risk of
heart disease and/or stroke. These drugs include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor
blockers, beta blockers, thiazide diuretics, and calcium channel blockers. They would
also be expected to make diet and lifestyle changes.
Stage Four of Hypertension
Stage four is known as "stage 2" hypertension. Systolic is at 160 mm Hg or
higher and diastolic is at 100 mm Hg or higher. At this point, a person's hypertension
would be classified as severe. Due to this, they would most likely be recommended a
two-drug therapy to try and bring their blood pressure down. A person at stage 2
hypertension is at high risk for coronary heart disease, which can lead to a heart attack
or stroke. You will have to have your blood pressure checked regularly and follow a
strict regimen that will likely include dietary changes, exercise, and lifestyle changes.
Straining during defecation
-vagal stimulation, which slows the heart rate, occurs during straining while defecating,
taking rectal temperatures, completion of enemas, and digital removal of impacted stool
sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight - the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body,
mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Breathe quicker, palms sweat, heart races, pupils widen, mouth dry and hard to spk -
stressed.
Heart - increases rate and strength of contraction
Bronchial tubes - dilated which increases airflow
Iris of eye - dilated pupil enlarges
Blood vessels - constrict
Sweat glands - stimulates
Intestine - inhibits motility and secretion
Uterus - relaxes muscle
Adrenal medulla - stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Salivary glands - stimulates thick secretion
Urinary system: bladder wall - relaxes muscle
Internal sphincter: closes
, Nociceptors (pain receptors)
chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissue (caused by
chemicals, ischemia, distinction or distortion)
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its
energy. Feed and breed division.
Decreases heart rate
Constricts bronchial tubes so airflow decreases
Iris constricts
Blood vessels - no innervation
Sweat glands - no innervation
Intestine - stimulates motility and secretion
Uterus - no effect
Adrenal medulla - no effect
Salivary glands - stimulate watery secretion
Urinary system: bladder wall - contracts muscle
Internal sphincter: opens
structures of the large intestine
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum,
anal canal
digestive enzymes
proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to BREAK
DOWN, converts and stores into simpler compounds and gets rid of what
Amylase, produced in the mouth. break down start into sugar
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. - breakdowns fats and oils
Protese - protein
urinary tract
ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Transport urine out of the body (ureter: main
plumbing)
Artery that supplies kidneys
renal artery which arises from the abdominal aorta
