AJ 2025-26
Handelscontractenrecht teksten
Inhoudsopgave
Tekst 1: Hoe start ik mijn eigen onderneming op? ...................................................................................5
1. Haalbaarheid van het project .........................................................................................................5
2. Vóór de start: juridische en administratieve voorwaarde ..................................................................5
3. Bij de start: stappenplan................................................................................................................5
4. Na de start....................................................................................................................................5
Conclusie: .......................................................................................................................................5
Tekst 2: Onrechtmatige bedingen in B2B-overeenkomsten (WER Boek VI, Titel 3/1)..................................6
1. Inleiding en doel ...........................................................................................................................6
2. Toepassingsgebied .......................................................................................................................6
3. Rol van de rechter en sanctie .........................................................................................................6
4. Transparantieverplichtingen ..........................................................................................................6
5. Algemene norm ............................................................................................................................7
6. Uitsluiting van kernbedingen ..........................................................................................................7
7. Zwarte en grijze lijst .......................................................................................................................7
8. Aanvullende regelingen .................................................................................................................8
conclusie: ........................................................................................................................................8
Tekst 3: Change of Control-clausules (COC)..........................................................................................9
1. COC-clausule als stabilisatiemechanisme .....................................................................................9
2. Objectieve en subjectieve criteria ..................................................................................................9
3. COC-clausule als beveiligingsmechanisme....................................................................................9
4. Governance en transparantie ........................................................................................................9
Tekst 4: Anti-dilution provisions bij converteerbare effecten ................................................................. 10
1. Theoretisch kader ....................................................................................................................... 10
2. Soorten verwatering .................................................................................................................... 10
3. Typen anti-verwateringsbescherming in de praktijk ....................................................................... 11
1. Structurele wijzigingen (stock splits, stock dividends) ................................................................ 11
2. Prijsbescherming bij uitgifte tegen lage prijs .............................................................................. 11
3. Andere uitkeringen (cash of activa) ........................................................................................... 11
4. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 11
Tekst 5: Bank loan covenants.............................................................................................................. 12
, AJ 2025-26
1. Context en belang ....................................................................................................................... 12
2. Begrip en functie van bank loan covenants ................................................................................... 12
3. Algemene indeling van convenanten ............................................................................................ 12
4. Hoofdtypes convenanten (9 categorieën) ..................................................................................... 13
5. Gevolgen bij overtreding (“trip a covenant”) .................................................................................. 14
6. Onderhandeling en mitigatie ........................................................................................................ 14
7. Alternatieve financiering: Receivables Financing........................................................................... 14
Kern ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Tekst 6: Van vrijblijvendheid naar due diligence: ESG in commerciële contracten .................................. 15
1. Kernidee van de tekst .................................................................................................................. 15
2. Juridische en regelgevende ontwikkelingen .................................................................................. 15
3. Rapportageverplichtingen (transparantie) .................................................................................... 16
4. Inspanningsverplichtingen: ESG due diligence .............................................................................. 16
5. Specifieke ESG-wetgeving (EU) .................................................................................................... 17
6. Gevolgen voor commerciële contracten ....................................................................................... 17
7. Voorstel van nieuwe ESG-contractbepalingen .............................................................................. 17
8. Rol van de bedrijfsjurist ............................................................................................................... 18
9. Examen ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Tekst 7: Shoot-out clausules bij 50/50-bv’s (brons) .............................................................................. 19
1. Begrip en doel............................................................................................................................. 19
2. Het impasseprobleem................................................................................................................. 19
3. Aard en kenmerken van shoot-out clausules ................................................................................ 19
4. Belang van een goede definitie van “impasse” .............................................................................. 20
5. Rawls – Justice as Fairness .......................................................................................................... 20
6. Typen shoot-out clausules !! ........................................................................................................ 20
7. Valkuilen en risico’s .................................................................................................................... 22
8. Sancties en afdwingbaarheid ....................................................................................................... 22
9. Slotbeschouwing ........................................................................................................................ 22
Tekst 8: MAC (Material Adverse Change) ............................................................................................. 23
1. Omschrijving en definitie ............................................................................................................. 23
2. Onderscheid met andere clausules ............................................................................................. 23
3. Doel en nut van de MAC .............................................................................................................. 24
4. Typische toepassingsgebieden .................................................................................................... 25
5. MAC en voorwaardenleer (zeer belangrijk) .................................................................................... 25
6. Totstandkoming en onderhandeling ............................................................................................. 25
7. Partijbelangen ............................................................................................................................ 26
, AJ 2025-26
8. Inhoud: “Material adverse change” .............................................................................................. 26
9. Carve-outs ................................................................................................................................. 27
10. Interpretatie.............................................................................................................................. 27
11. Afdwingbaarheid en remedies .................................................................................................... 27
12. Slot (examenconclusie) ............................................................................................................. 27
Tekst 9: Bijzondere overeenkomsten: software escrowcontracten ........................................................ 28
Tekst 10: Niet-concurrentiebeding ...................................................................................................... 32
1. Begrip en fundamenteel kader ..................................................................................................... 32
2. Vrijheid van ondernemen en juridische spanning .......................................................................... 32
3. Geldigheidsvoorwaarden in het gemeen contractenrecht .............................................................. 33
4. Europees mededingingsrecht (art. 101 VWEU) .............................................................................. 33
5. Specifiek regime voor handelsagenten (art. X.22 WER) .................................................................. 34
6. Sancties bij ongeldige clausules .................................................................................................. 34
7. Deelbaarheid en partij-intentie .................................................................................................... 35
8. Sancties bij schending van een geldige clausule ........................................................................... 35
9. Aansprakelijkheid van derden ...................................................................................................... 35
10. Kernzin voor het examen............................................................................................................ 35
Tekst 11: Earn-out .............................................................................................................................. 36
1. Wat is een earn-out? ................................................................................................................... 36
2. Typen earn-out ........................................................................................................................... 36
3. Waarom earn-out? ...................................................................................................................... 36
4. Geldigheid (Belgisch recht) .......................................................................................................... 36
5. Belangrijkste drafting-aandachtspunten ....................................................................................... 37
6. IFRS-boekhouding (IFRS 3) .......................................................................................................... 37
Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Tekst 12: Preambule .......................................................................................................................... 38
1. Wat is een preambule?................................................................................................................ 38
2. Wat staat typisch in een preambule?............................................................................................ 38
3. Juridische effecten van de preambule .......................................................................................... 38
4. Preambule en contractuele kracht ............................................................................................... 39
5. Preambule t.a.v. derden .............................................................................................................. 39
6. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 39
Tekst 13: Takeaways – supply chain disruption / overmacht.................................................................. 40
1. Wat? .......................................................................................................................................... 40
2. Verandering van omstandigheden (art. 5.74 BW) is het centrale alternatief ..................................... 40
3. Rol van de rechter ....................................................................................................................... 40
, AJ 2025-26
Tekst 14: Overmacht en verandering van omstandigheden (boek 5 bw) ................................................. 41
1. Overmacht ................................................................................................................................. 41
2. Verandering van omstandigheden (hardship / imprevisie) .............................................................. 42
Kernverschil ................................................................................................................................... 43
Tekst 15: Entire Agreement Clause (EAC)............................................................................................. 44
1. Vierhoekenbeding ....................................................................................................................... 44
2. Wijzigingsbeding (No Oral Modification Clause – NOM) ................................................................. 45
3. Niet-verzakingsbeding (Non-Waiver Clause – NWC) ...................................................................... 46
4. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 46
Tekst 16: Bedrijfsgeheimen ................................................................................................................. 47
1. Wettelijk kader en context ........................................................................................................... 47
2. Begrip “bedrijfsgeheim” .............................................................................................................. 47
3. Geen exclusief recht ................................................................................................................... 47
4. Rechtmatig verkrijgen / gebruiken / openbaar maken .................................................................... 48
5. Onrechtmatigheid ....................................................................................................................... 48
6. Uitzonderingen op bescherming .................................................................................................. 48
7. Bevoegde rechtbanken ............................................................................................................... 49
8. Burgerrechtelijke vorderingen ...................................................................................................... 49
9. Stakingsvordering (zoals in kort geding) ........................................................................................ 49
10. Kort geding ............................................................................................................................... 50
11. Verjaring ................................................................................................................................... 50
12. Vertrouwelijkheid tijdens en na procedure .................................................................................. 50
13. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................. 50
Tekst 17: Fairness opinion .................................................................................................................. 51
Handelscontractenrecht teksten
Inhoudsopgave
Tekst 1: Hoe start ik mijn eigen onderneming op? ...................................................................................5
1. Haalbaarheid van het project .........................................................................................................5
2. Vóór de start: juridische en administratieve voorwaarde ..................................................................5
3. Bij de start: stappenplan................................................................................................................5
4. Na de start....................................................................................................................................5
Conclusie: .......................................................................................................................................5
Tekst 2: Onrechtmatige bedingen in B2B-overeenkomsten (WER Boek VI, Titel 3/1)..................................6
1. Inleiding en doel ...........................................................................................................................6
2. Toepassingsgebied .......................................................................................................................6
3. Rol van de rechter en sanctie .........................................................................................................6
4. Transparantieverplichtingen ..........................................................................................................6
5. Algemene norm ............................................................................................................................7
6. Uitsluiting van kernbedingen ..........................................................................................................7
7. Zwarte en grijze lijst .......................................................................................................................7
8. Aanvullende regelingen .................................................................................................................8
conclusie: ........................................................................................................................................8
Tekst 3: Change of Control-clausules (COC)..........................................................................................9
1. COC-clausule als stabilisatiemechanisme .....................................................................................9
2. Objectieve en subjectieve criteria ..................................................................................................9
3. COC-clausule als beveiligingsmechanisme....................................................................................9
4. Governance en transparantie ........................................................................................................9
Tekst 4: Anti-dilution provisions bij converteerbare effecten ................................................................. 10
1. Theoretisch kader ....................................................................................................................... 10
2. Soorten verwatering .................................................................................................................... 10
3. Typen anti-verwateringsbescherming in de praktijk ....................................................................... 11
1. Structurele wijzigingen (stock splits, stock dividends) ................................................................ 11
2. Prijsbescherming bij uitgifte tegen lage prijs .............................................................................. 11
3. Andere uitkeringen (cash of activa) ........................................................................................... 11
4. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 11
Tekst 5: Bank loan covenants.............................................................................................................. 12
, AJ 2025-26
1. Context en belang ....................................................................................................................... 12
2. Begrip en functie van bank loan covenants ................................................................................... 12
3. Algemene indeling van convenanten ............................................................................................ 12
4. Hoofdtypes convenanten (9 categorieën) ..................................................................................... 13
5. Gevolgen bij overtreding (“trip a covenant”) .................................................................................. 14
6. Onderhandeling en mitigatie ........................................................................................................ 14
7. Alternatieve financiering: Receivables Financing........................................................................... 14
Kern ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Tekst 6: Van vrijblijvendheid naar due diligence: ESG in commerciële contracten .................................. 15
1. Kernidee van de tekst .................................................................................................................. 15
2. Juridische en regelgevende ontwikkelingen .................................................................................. 15
3. Rapportageverplichtingen (transparantie) .................................................................................... 16
4. Inspanningsverplichtingen: ESG due diligence .............................................................................. 16
5. Specifieke ESG-wetgeving (EU) .................................................................................................... 17
6. Gevolgen voor commerciële contracten ....................................................................................... 17
7. Voorstel van nieuwe ESG-contractbepalingen .............................................................................. 17
8. Rol van de bedrijfsjurist ............................................................................................................... 18
9. Examen ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Tekst 7: Shoot-out clausules bij 50/50-bv’s (brons) .............................................................................. 19
1. Begrip en doel............................................................................................................................. 19
2. Het impasseprobleem................................................................................................................. 19
3. Aard en kenmerken van shoot-out clausules ................................................................................ 19
4. Belang van een goede definitie van “impasse” .............................................................................. 20
5. Rawls – Justice as Fairness .......................................................................................................... 20
6. Typen shoot-out clausules !! ........................................................................................................ 20
7. Valkuilen en risico’s .................................................................................................................... 22
8. Sancties en afdwingbaarheid ....................................................................................................... 22
9. Slotbeschouwing ........................................................................................................................ 22
Tekst 8: MAC (Material Adverse Change) ............................................................................................. 23
1. Omschrijving en definitie ............................................................................................................. 23
2. Onderscheid met andere clausules ............................................................................................. 23
3. Doel en nut van de MAC .............................................................................................................. 24
4. Typische toepassingsgebieden .................................................................................................... 25
5. MAC en voorwaardenleer (zeer belangrijk) .................................................................................... 25
6. Totstandkoming en onderhandeling ............................................................................................. 25
7. Partijbelangen ............................................................................................................................ 26
, AJ 2025-26
8. Inhoud: “Material adverse change” .............................................................................................. 26
9. Carve-outs ................................................................................................................................. 27
10. Interpretatie.............................................................................................................................. 27
11. Afdwingbaarheid en remedies .................................................................................................... 27
12. Slot (examenconclusie) ............................................................................................................. 27
Tekst 9: Bijzondere overeenkomsten: software escrowcontracten ........................................................ 28
Tekst 10: Niet-concurrentiebeding ...................................................................................................... 32
1. Begrip en fundamenteel kader ..................................................................................................... 32
2. Vrijheid van ondernemen en juridische spanning .......................................................................... 32
3. Geldigheidsvoorwaarden in het gemeen contractenrecht .............................................................. 33
4. Europees mededingingsrecht (art. 101 VWEU) .............................................................................. 33
5. Specifiek regime voor handelsagenten (art. X.22 WER) .................................................................. 34
6. Sancties bij ongeldige clausules .................................................................................................. 34
7. Deelbaarheid en partij-intentie .................................................................................................... 35
8. Sancties bij schending van een geldige clausule ........................................................................... 35
9. Aansprakelijkheid van derden ...................................................................................................... 35
10. Kernzin voor het examen............................................................................................................ 35
Tekst 11: Earn-out .............................................................................................................................. 36
1. Wat is een earn-out? ................................................................................................................... 36
2. Typen earn-out ........................................................................................................................... 36
3. Waarom earn-out? ...................................................................................................................... 36
4. Geldigheid (Belgisch recht) .......................................................................................................... 36
5. Belangrijkste drafting-aandachtspunten ....................................................................................... 37
6. IFRS-boekhouding (IFRS 3) .......................................................................................................... 37
Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Tekst 12: Preambule .......................................................................................................................... 38
1. Wat is een preambule?................................................................................................................ 38
2. Wat staat typisch in een preambule?............................................................................................ 38
3. Juridische effecten van de preambule .......................................................................................... 38
4. Preambule en contractuele kracht ............................................................................................... 39
5. Preambule t.a.v. derden .............................................................................................................. 39
6. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 39
Tekst 13: Takeaways – supply chain disruption / overmacht.................................................................. 40
1. Wat? .......................................................................................................................................... 40
2. Verandering van omstandigheden (art. 5.74 BW) is het centrale alternatief ..................................... 40
3. Rol van de rechter ....................................................................................................................... 40
, AJ 2025-26
Tekst 14: Overmacht en verandering van omstandigheden (boek 5 bw) ................................................. 41
1. Overmacht ................................................................................................................................. 41
2. Verandering van omstandigheden (hardship / imprevisie) .............................................................. 42
Kernverschil ................................................................................................................................... 43
Tekst 15: Entire Agreement Clause (EAC)............................................................................................. 44
1. Vierhoekenbeding ....................................................................................................................... 44
2. Wijzigingsbeding (No Oral Modification Clause – NOM) ................................................................. 45
3. Niet-verzakingsbeding (Non-Waiver Clause – NWC) ...................................................................... 46
4. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................... 46
Tekst 16: Bedrijfsgeheimen ................................................................................................................. 47
1. Wettelijk kader en context ........................................................................................................... 47
2. Begrip “bedrijfsgeheim” .............................................................................................................. 47
3. Geen exclusief recht ................................................................................................................... 47
4. Rechtmatig verkrijgen / gebruiken / openbaar maken .................................................................... 48
5. Onrechtmatigheid ....................................................................................................................... 48
6. Uitzonderingen op bescherming .................................................................................................. 48
7. Bevoegde rechtbanken ............................................................................................................... 49
8. Burgerrechtelijke vorderingen ...................................................................................................... 49
9. Stakingsvordering (zoals in kort geding) ........................................................................................ 49
10. Kort geding ............................................................................................................................... 50
11. Verjaring ................................................................................................................................... 50
12. Vertrouwelijkheid tijdens en na procedure .................................................................................. 50
13. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................. 50
Tekst 17: Fairness opinion .................................................................................................................. 51
