WGU PATHO D236 LATEST 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Marfan syndrome - ✔✔*25% result from a new mutation in the FBN1 gene
Characteristics:
Long extremities
hypermobility of joints
✔✔osteroarthritis - ✔✔degenerative joint disease
*classic/telltale sign:
Herberden's and bouchard's nodes
(small bumps that grow on the joints esp the fingers)
✔✔2nd degree (partial thickness) burns s/s - ✔✔*Blisters outer and underlying layer
*painful
*swelling
✔✔Causes of Bell's Palsy - ✔✔*caused by either viral infection or autoimmune
✔✔Ischemic stroke - ✔✔85% most common
Predispositions: Afib or arteriosclerosis
Thrombosis or Embolus
Ischemia-Block blood flow
R/F: contraceptives, sickle cell, carotid arteriosclerosis
*s/s: severe HA, Unable to move one side(arm/leg)
Tx: IV thrombolysis must be within 3-4.5 hours of sx onset.
Prevention: Antiplatelet agents, heparin, warfarin.
✔✔hemorrhagic stroke - ✔✔40% less common
Mainly caused by HTN, cerebral artery rupture from excessive pressure, blood fluids the
brain tissue causing cell death.
Accounts for 10% of strokes but the mortality rate is high.
✔✔(TIA) Transient Ischemic Attack - ✔✔occurs when a clot forms in the blood vessel in
the brain but the body naturally dissolves it within 24 hours.
✔✔cerebral concussion (mild TBI) - ✔✔Can develop post-concussive syndrome (PCS)
s/s: HA, lethargy, mental dullness, or other symptoms that persist for several months.
✔✔Cerebral Contusion - ✔✔s/s: *HA, *dizziness, vomiting, *sudden weakness in an
arm or leg.
They may seem agitated, restless, or irritable, memory loss.
Vital signs: HR decreased, respirations decreased, and HTN which are signs of
pressure on the stem.
, Usually more severe, can last hours to weeks the more edema that drowsier or
confused the patient.
✔✔Which problem causes a myocardial infarction or heart attack? - ✔✔An occlusion of
a coronary artery (most commonly from a thrombus)
✔✔Hypertension (primary/Essential) - ✔✔*Idiopathic common "silent killer"
*asymptomatic, can cause problem on cardiac, brain and kidney later.
✔✔Left side Heart Failure - ✔✔Patho: Decreased CO and pulmonary congestion
S/S: Forward effects (in the body)
Fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance
Backwards (into the lungs)
Dyspnea, orthopnea, pink frothy sputum, SOB, Rales/crackles
✔✔Right side Heart Failure - ✔✔Patho: Decrease CO systemic congestion
S/S: Forward (to the lungs)
Dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance
Backwards
edema in feet/legs, abdominal ascites, JVD, Hepatomegaly
✔✔Mitral stenosis Causes - ✔✔*rheumatic fever
(Occurs when the mitral valve narrows restricting blood flow into the left chamber)
✔✔Mitral Regurgitation causes - ✔✔A murmur called mitral insufficiency, *pericarditis
(left ventricle papillary muscle rupture causes the mitral valve to be unable to close)
✔✔endocartitis - ✔✔inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, chambers and valves
(endocardium)
Caused by fungus (*heart vegetation)
✔✔Which type of valve defect leads to a diastolic murmur? - ✔✔Mitral valve stenosis or
regurgitation of the aortic/pulmonary valve
✔✔Which type of valve defect leads to a systolic murmur? - ✔✔Many variations of
mitral valve regurgitation, tricuspid valve regurgitation, and ventricular septal defect.
✔✔Thrombus - ✔✔*embolus that can travel through the circulatory and vessel until it
becomes lodged.
✔✔hypertensive crisis - ✔✔BP over 180 combined with organ damage
✔✔Hypertension stage 2 - ✔✔Systolic: 140 or higher
AND ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Marfan syndrome - ✔✔*25% result from a new mutation in the FBN1 gene
Characteristics:
Long extremities
hypermobility of joints
✔✔osteroarthritis - ✔✔degenerative joint disease
*classic/telltale sign:
Herberden's and bouchard's nodes
(small bumps that grow on the joints esp the fingers)
✔✔2nd degree (partial thickness) burns s/s - ✔✔*Blisters outer and underlying layer
*painful
*swelling
✔✔Causes of Bell's Palsy - ✔✔*caused by either viral infection or autoimmune
✔✔Ischemic stroke - ✔✔85% most common
Predispositions: Afib or arteriosclerosis
Thrombosis or Embolus
Ischemia-Block blood flow
R/F: contraceptives, sickle cell, carotid arteriosclerosis
*s/s: severe HA, Unable to move one side(arm/leg)
Tx: IV thrombolysis must be within 3-4.5 hours of sx onset.
Prevention: Antiplatelet agents, heparin, warfarin.
✔✔hemorrhagic stroke - ✔✔40% less common
Mainly caused by HTN, cerebral artery rupture from excessive pressure, blood fluids the
brain tissue causing cell death.
Accounts for 10% of strokes but the mortality rate is high.
✔✔(TIA) Transient Ischemic Attack - ✔✔occurs when a clot forms in the blood vessel in
the brain but the body naturally dissolves it within 24 hours.
✔✔cerebral concussion (mild TBI) - ✔✔Can develop post-concussive syndrome (PCS)
s/s: HA, lethargy, mental dullness, or other symptoms that persist for several months.
✔✔Cerebral Contusion - ✔✔s/s: *HA, *dizziness, vomiting, *sudden weakness in an
arm or leg.
They may seem agitated, restless, or irritable, memory loss.
Vital signs: HR decreased, respirations decreased, and HTN which are signs of
pressure on the stem.
, Usually more severe, can last hours to weeks the more edema that drowsier or
confused the patient.
✔✔Which problem causes a myocardial infarction or heart attack? - ✔✔An occlusion of
a coronary artery (most commonly from a thrombus)
✔✔Hypertension (primary/Essential) - ✔✔*Idiopathic common "silent killer"
*asymptomatic, can cause problem on cardiac, brain and kidney later.
✔✔Left side Heart Failure - ✔✔Patho: Decreased CO and pulmonary congestion
S/S: Forward effects (in the body)
Fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance
Backwards (into the lungs)
Dyspnea, orthopnea, pink frothy sputum, SOB, Rales/crackles
✔✔Right side Heart Failure - ✔✔Patho: Decrease CO systemic congestion
S/S: Forward (to the lungs)
Dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance
Backwards
edema in feet/legs, abdominal ascites, JVD, Hepatomegaly
✔✔Mitral stenosis Causes - ✔✔*rheumatic fever
(Occurs when the mitral valve narrows restricting blood flow into the left chamber)
✔✔Mitral Regurgitation causes - ✔✔A murmur called mitral insufficiency, *pericarditis
(left ventricle papillary muscle rupture causes the mitral valve to be unable to close)
✔✔endocartitis - ✔✔inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, chambers and valves
(endocardium)
Caused by fungus (*heart vegetation)
✔✔Which type of valve defect leads to a diastolic murmur? - ✔✔Mitral valve stenosis or
regurgitation of the aortic/pulmonary valve
✔✔Which type of valve defect leads to a systolic murmur? - ✔✔Many variations of
mitral valve regurgitation, tricuspid valve regurgitation, and ventricular septal defect.
✔✔Thrombus - ✔✔*embolus that can travel through the circulatory and vessel until it
becomes lodged.
✔✔hypertensive crisis - ✔✔BP over 180 combined with organ damage
✔✔Hypertension stage 2 - ✔✔Systolic: 140 or higher
