UF OTH 3416 Pathophysiology Exam 2
Spring 2025/2026 Part 1 fully solved
Atrophy - ANS ✔✔each cell shrinks in size
hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔increase in cell size
hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔increase in number of cells due to increased rate of cellular division
pathological hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔abnormal proliferation of normal cells; usually in response to
excessive hormonal stimulation
Metaplasia - ANS ✔✔reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, often less
mature (less differentiated)
Dysplasia - ANS ✔✔Not a true adaptive process
abnormal changes in cell size, shape, organization
often called atypical hyperplasia
hypoxic injury - ANS ✔✔lack of oxygen
ICF - ANS ✔✔Intracellular Fluid
ECF - ANS ✔✔Extracellular Fluid
-interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, lymph, transcellular fluid
,Filtration - ANS ✔✔outflow; occurs at arterial end because the capillary hydrostatic pressure is
strongest force, pushing fluid out of capillary, into extracellular space, becoming interstitial fluid
Reabsorption - ANS ✔✔inflow; occurs at venous end of capillary because capillary oncotic
pressure is strongest here, moving water back into the capillary
Edema - ANS ✔✔accumulation of fluid in interstial space; causes tissue swelling
hydrostatic pressure - ANS ✔✔pushes water
osmotic pressure - ANS ✔✔pulls water; when referring to plasma, it is called oncotic pressure
(osmotic pressure exerted by proteins which remain in the capillaries and exert main pulling
force)
increased capillary permeability - ANS ✔✔occurs due to endothelial cell contraction; capillary
oncotic (osmotic) pressure decreases; interstitial oncotic (osmotic) pressure increases
thrombophlebitis - ANS ✔✔occurs when a blood clot blocks one or more of your veins, typically
in your legs
negative feedback loop - ANS ✔✔a change from normal range causes a phsyiological response
to combat the change.
homeostasis - ANS ✔✔The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or
equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external changes
Hypervolemia - ANS ✔✔water moves from ICF to ECF - intracellular dehydration (cells shrink)
, Hypovolemia - ANS ✔✔water moves from ECF to ICF - cells swell
Decrease in plasma volume and ECF
Hypernatriemia - ANS ✔✔occurs when sodium plasma levels exceed 147 mEq/L
Increase in sodium, decrease in water
hyponatremia - ANS ✔✔when PLASMA sodium levels fall below 135 mEq/L
Decrease in sodium, increase in water
hyper/hypochloremia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of chlorine in plasma
hyper/hypoalkemia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of potassium in plasma
hyper/hypocalcemia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of calcium in plasma
hyper/hypophosphatemia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of phosphate in plasma
hyper/hypomagnesmia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of magensium in plasma
hypercapnia - ANS ✔✔excess CO2 in plasma
hypocapnia - ANS ✔✔decreased CO2 in plasma
Hypovolemic shock - ANS ✔✔severe and acute metabolic disturbance cuased by severe
reduction of blood volume due to either dehydration or hemmorage
Spring 2025/2026 Part 1 fully solved
Atrophy - ANS ✔✔each cell shrinks in size
hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔increase in cell size
hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔increase in number of cells due to increased rate of cellular division
pathological hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔abnormal proliferation of normal cells; usually in response to
excessive hormonal stimulation
Metaplasia - ANS ✔✔reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, often less
mature (less differentiated)
Dysplasia - ANS ✔✔Not a true adaptive process
abnormal changes in cell size, shape, organization
often called atypical hyperplasia
hypoxic injury - ANS ✔✔lack of oxygen
ICF - ANS ✔✔Intracellular Fluid
ECF - ANS ✔✔Extracellular Fluid
-interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, lymph, transcellular fluid
,Filtration - ANS ✔✔outflow; occurs at arterial end because the capillary hydrostatic pressure is
strongest force, pushing fluid out of capillary, into extracellular space, becoming interstitial fluid
Reabsorption - ANS ✔✔inflow; occurs at venous end of capillary because capillary oncotic
pressure is strongest here, moving water back into the capillary
Edema - ANS ✔✔accumulation of fluid in interstial space; causes tissue swelling
hydrostatic pressure - ANS ✔✔pushes water
osmotic pressure - ANS ✔✔pulls water; when referring to plasma, it is called oncotic pressure
(osmotic pressure exerted by proteins which remain in the capillaries and exert main pulling
force)
increased capillary permeability - ANS ✔✔occurs due to endothelial cell contraction; capillary
oncotic (osmotic) pressure decreases; interstitial oncotic (osmotic) pressure increases
thrombophlebitis - ANS ✔✔occurs when a blood clot blocks one or more of your veins, typically
in your legs
negative feedback loop - ANS ✔✔a change from normal range causes a phsyiological response
to combat the change.
homeostasis - ANS ✔✔The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or
equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external changes
Hypervolemia - ANS ✔✔water moves from ICF to ECF - intracellular dehydration (cells shrink)
, Hypovolemia - ANS ✔✔water moves from ECF to ICF - cells swell
Decrease in plasma volume and ECF
Hypernatriemia - ANS ✔✔occurs when sodium plasma levels exceed 147 mEq/L
Increase in sodium, decrease in water
hyponatremia - ANS ✔✔when PLASMA sodium levels fall below 135 mEq/L
Decrease in sodium, increase in water
hyper/hypochloremia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of chlorine in plasma
hyper/hypoalkemia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of potassium in plasma
hyper/hypocalcemia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of calcium in plasma
hyper/hypophosphatemia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of phosphate in plasma
hyper/hypomagnesmia - ANS ✔✔imbalance of magensium in plasma
hypercapnia - ANS ✔✔excess CO2 in plasma
hypocapnia - ANS ✔✔decreased CO2 in plasma
Hypovolemic shock - ANS ✔✔severe and acute metabolic disturbance cuased by severe
reduction of blood volume due to either dehydration or hemmorage
