ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2026 EXAMS TEST QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Dp/dT - ✔✔Measures LV systolic function from MR
✔✔Preload - ✔✔is the end diastolic volume that stretches the right or left ventricle of the
heart to its greatest dimensions
✔✔Afterload - ✔✔Is the ventricular pressure at the end of systole. It determines the
tension the myocardium must generate.
✔✔Frank starling law - ✔✔Cardiac function curve.
✔✔Sa node - ✔✔Pacemaker- special neuromyocardial cells and has the highest intrisic
rate of any cardiac tissue
✔✔Av node - ✔✔conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
✔✔Bundle of his - ✔✔transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node, located at the
inferior end of the interatrial septum, to the ventricles of the heart.
✔✔Bundle branches - ✔✔They play an integral role in the electrical conduction system
of the heart by transmitting cardiac action potentials from the bundle of His to the
Purkinje fibers.
✔✔Purkinje fibers - ✔✔During the ventricular contraction portion of the cardiac cycle,
the Purkinje fibers carry the contraction impulse from both the left and right bundle
branch to the myocardium of the ventricles.
✔✔OS - ✔✔Opening snap
✔✔PEP - ✔✔Pre-ejection period
✔✔Q - ✔✔Flow
✔✔WPW - ✔✔Wolf parkinson white syndrome
✔✔COPD - ✔✔Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
✔✔CPI - ✔✔Cardiovascular principles and instrumentation
✔✔DM - ✔✔Diastolic murmur
✔✔ - ✔✔
, ✔✔ Endocarditis - ✔✔Inflammation of the inner heart lining and valves
✔✔Aortic stenosis - ✔✔Narrowing of the aorta
✔✔Fusiform aneurysm - ✔✔Bulges or protrudes out on all sides of blood vessel
✔✔Saccular aneurysm - ✔✔Bulges on 1 side of vessel
✔✔Aortic regurgitation - ✔✔Leaking Backwards flow
✔✔Cardiomyopathy - ✔✔Diseases of the heart muscles
✔✔Ebsteins anomaly - ✔✔The displacement of the septal and posterior tv leaflets high
in ventricle causing a large rt atrium and can cause TR
✔✔Mitral regurgitation - ✔✔Backwards flow at mv during systole
✔✔Ischemia - ✔✔Inadequate blood supply
✔✔Ischemic cascade - ✔✔Is seen with a stress echo and is a series of biochemical
reactions that are initiated in the brain after seconds to minutes of ischemia
✔✔PTCA - ✔✔percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
✔✔ST segment - ✔✔Represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and
repolarization
✔✔Dipyridamole - ✔✔Blood thinners and vasodilator
✔✔Adenosine - ✔✔Anti arrhythmic agent
✔✔Dobutamine - ✔✔Blood pressure support
✔✔Left anterior descendind(lad) - ✔✔Supplys blood to: ant wall,ant septum, and lv
apex
✔✔Left circumflex - ✔✔Supplys blood to the lateral wall and posterior wall
✔✔Right coronaries - ✔✔Supply blood to: inf wall, inf septum, rv apex, rv free wall and
usually the SA and AV node.
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Dp/dT - ✔✔Measures LV systolic function from MR
✔✔Preload - ✔✔is the end diastolic volume that stretches the right or left ventricle of the
heart to its greatest dimensions
✔✔Afterload - ✔✔Is the ventricular pressure at the end of systole. It determines the
tension the myocardium must generate.
✔✔Frank starling law - ✔✔Cardiac function curve.
✔✔Sa node - ✔✔Pacemaker- special neuromyocardial cells and has the highest intrisic
rate of any cardiac tissue
✔✔Av node - ✔✔conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
✔✔Bundle of his - ✔✔transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node, located at the
inferior end of the interatrial septum, to the ventricles of the heart.
✔✔Bundle branches - ✔✔They play an integral role in the electrical conduction system
of the heart by transmitting cardiac action potentials from the bundle of His to the
Purkinje fibers.
✔✔Purkinje fibers - ✔✔During the ventricular contraction portion of the cardiac cycle,
the Purkinje fibers carry the contraction impulse from both the left and right bundle
branch to the myocardium of the ventricles.
✔✔OS - ✔✔Opening snap
✔✔PEP - ✔✔Pre-ejection period
✔✔Q - ✔✔Flow
✔✔WPW - ✔✔Wolf parkinson white syndrome
✔✔COPD - ✔✔Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
✔✔CPI - ✔✔Cardiovascular principles and instrumentation
✔✔DM - ✔✔Diastolic murmur
✔✔ - ✔✔
, ✔✔ Endocarditis - ✔✔Inflammation of the inner heart lining and valves
✔✔Aortic stenosis - ✔✔Narrowing of the aorta
✔✔Fusiform aneurysm - ✔✔Bulges or protrudes out on all sides of blood vessel
✔✔Saccular aneurysm - ✔✔Bulges on 1 side of vessel
✔✔Aortic regurgitation - ✔✔Leaking Backwards flow
✔✔Cardiomyopathy - ✔✔Diseases of the heart muscles
✔✔Ebsteins anomaly - ✔✔The displacement of the septal and posterior tv leaflets high
in ventricle causing a large rt atrium and can cause TR
✔✔Mitral regurgitation - ✔✔Backwards flow at mv during systole
✔✔Ischemia - ✔✔Inadequate blood supply
✔✔Ischemic cascade - ✔✔Is seen with a stress echo and is a series of biochemical
reactions that are initiated in the brain after seconds to minutes of ischemia
✔✔PTCA - ✔✔percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
✔✔ST segment - ✔✔Represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and
repolarization
✔✔Dipyridamole - ✔✔Blood thinners and vasodilator
✔✔Adenosine - ✔✔Anti arrhythmic agent
✔✔Dobutamine - ✔✔Blood pressure support
✔✔Left anterior descendind(lad) - ✔✔Supplys blood to: ant wall,ant septum, and lv
apex
✔✔Left circumflex - ✔✔Supplys blood to the lateral wall and posterior wall
✔✔Right coronaries - ✔✔Supply blood to: inf wall, inf septum, rv apex, rv free wall and
usually the SA and AV node.
