UTA PATHO ACTUAL 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Malignant tumors - ✔✔Rapidly growing and poorly differentiated. Do not look like the
tissue of origin, have a rapid cell growth, can metastasize to local tissues or distant
sites. Able to metastasize because they are not encapsulated. Pleomorphic therefore
variable shapes and sizes. Named after the cell of origin but in addition to that 0MA they
have the root word carcino or Sarco
✔✔Carcinoma in situ - ✔✔Very early and pre-invasive carcinoma of the granular or
squamous epithelial tissue. Has not broken through the membrane basement.
✔✔Oncogenes - ✔✔Provide a cancer cell with the ability to secrete growth factors
which simulate own growth.
✔✔Tumor suppressor genes - ✔✔Known as anti-oncogenes. Two in each cell
responsible for controlling cellular proliferation
✔✔Telomeres - ✔✔Protective in caps on each chromosome are maintained by the
enzyme telomerase. Signal to cell to stop dividing. When they become small or unstable
to cell dies. Cancer cells reach a certain age and activate telomerase to re-store and
maintains the cancer cells telomeres that's allowing unregulated cellular division
✔✔Primary lung - ✔✔Brain and many other organs
✔✔Primary colorectal - ✔✔Liver and lungs
✔✔Primary testicular - ✔✔Lungs, liver, brain
✔✔Primary Prostate - ✔✔Bone especially the lumbar vertebrae, liver
✔✔Primary breast - ✔✔Bones, lungs, liver, brain
✔✔Primary head and neck - ✔✔Lymphatics, liver, bones
✔✔Primary ovarian - ✔✔Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver
✔✔Primary sarcoma - ✔✔Lungs
✔✔Primary melanoma - ✔✔Lymphatics, long, liver, brain, G.I. tract
✔✔Para neoplastic syndrome's - ✔✔Constellation of symptoms which are ignited by
cancer. Typically triggered by the release of substances from a tumor. Represent the
earliest sign of unknown cancer. Maybe irreversible and lead to death.
,✔✔Cushing's syndrome - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer small cell carcinoma of the long
pancreatic carcinoma neural tumors, Caused by AC TH or ACTH like substance
✔✔Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion - ✔✔Form of underlying
cancer small cell carcinoma of the lung, intracranial neoplasm, Caused by antidiuretic
hormone or atrial natriuretic hormones
✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer squamous cell carcinoma of the
long, breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, I don't T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, ovarian
carcinoma. Caused by parathyroid hormone/related protein
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer fibrocarcinoma, other sarcomas,
hepatocellular carcinoma. Cause insulin or insulin like substance
✔✔Carcinoid syndrome - ✔✔Form of the underlying cancer bronchial adenoma,
pancreatic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma. Cause serotonin and bradykinin
✔✔Polycythemia - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer renal carcinoma, cerebral him
angioma, hepatocellular carcinoma. Cause erythropoietin
✔✔Myasthenia - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer bronchiogenic carcinoma cause
immunologic
✔✔Acanthosis nigricans - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer gastric carcinoma, lung
carcinoma, uterine carcinoma. Kies immunologic, secretion of epidermal growth factor
✔✔Dermamyositis - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer bronchogenic, breast carcinoma.
Cause immunologic
✔✔Clubbing of fingers - ✔✔Form of the underlying cancer bronchiogenic carcinoma.
Cause unknown
✔✔Cachexia - ✔✔Imbalance between energy intake versus energy used. Catabolic
process and results in wasting syndrome. Loss of appetite, cardiac atrophy, dysfunction,
gut barrier dysfunction, release of pro inflammatory mediators, release of acute phase
reactants, increased lipolysis, Release of fatty acid's, reduce albumin synthesis,
thermogenesis, weight loss and muscle wasting. Increase in apoptosis and impaired
ability to regenerate cells
✔✔Cancer staging - ✔✔T equals tumor size
N equals degree of lymph node involvement
M equals distance of mets
, ✔✔Tumor markers - ✔✔Substances produced by cancer cells that are found on tumor
plasma membrane or in blood, spinal fluid or urine. Use to help diagnose detect or
manage some cancers. Decrease in these levels may mean the cancer is responding to
treatment. Resurgence of this may mean recurrence of cancer. No change may mean
the cancer is not responding to treatment.
✔✔ATP depletion - ✔✔Loss of mitochondrial production of ATP; causes swelling,
decreased protein synthesis, and impairs cell membrane transport
✔✔Metabolic absorption - ✔✔Cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from
their surroundings
✔✔Protein - ✔✔Organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by
acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active
pumps
✔✔Metaplasia - ✔✔Replacement of one mature cell by stratified epithelial cells
✔✔Loss of ATP in ischemia - ✔✔Causes cells to swell because of influx of Na
✔✔Hyperplasia - ✔✔Causes mammary glands to enlarge during pregnancy
✔✔Free radicals play major role in initial and progression of - ✔✔Cardiovascular
diseases like htn and ischemic heart disease
✔✔Free radicals cause cell damage by - ✔✔Giving up an electron which causes injury
to the chemical bonds of the cell
✔✔Plasma membrane damage to mitochondria - ✔✔Causes influx of calcium ions and
halts ATP
✔✔Acute alcoholism affects - ✔✔The CNS
✔✔Free calcium in the cytosine that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme
activation - ✔✔Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell
✔✔Liquefactive necrosis - ✔✔Ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain
✔✔Caseous necrosis - ✔✔Associated with TB
✔✔After heart muscle injury the damage is - ✔✔Repaired by newly matured
cardiomyocytes
✔✔Ovulation is an example of - ✔✔Hormonal hyperplasia
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Malignant tumors - ✔✔Rapidly growing and poorly differentiated. Do not look like the
tissue of origin, have a rapid cell growth, can metastasize to local tissues or distant
sites. Able to metastasize because they are not encapsulated. Pleomorphic therefore
variable shapes and sizes. Named after the cell of origin but in addition to that 0MA they
have the root word carcino or Sarco
✔✔Carcinoma in situ - ✔✔Very early and pre-invasive carcinoma of the granular or
squamous epithelial tissue. Has not broken through the membrane basement.
✔✔Oncogenes - ✔✔Provide a cancer cell with the ability to secrete growth factors
which simulate own growth.
✔✔Tumor suppressor genes - ✔✔Known as anti-oncogenes. Two in each cell
responsible for controlling cellular proliferation
✔✔Telomeres - ✔✔Protective in caps on each chromosome are maintained by the
enzyme telomerase. Signal to cell to stop dividing. When they become small or unstable
to cell dies. Cancer cells reach a certain age and activate telomerase to re-store and
maintains the cancer cells telomeres that's allowing unregulated cellular division
✔✔Primary lung - ✔✔Brain and many other organs
✔✔Primary colorectal - ✔✔Liver and lungs
✔✔Primary testicular - ✔✔Lungs, liver, brain
✔✔Primary Prostate - ✔✔Bone especially the lumbar vertebrae, liver
✔✔Primary breast - ✔✔Bones, lungs, liver, brain
✔✔Primary head and neck - ✔✔Lymphatics, liver, bones
✔✔Primary ovarian - ✔✔Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver
✔✔Primary sarcoma - ✔✔Lungs
✔✔Primary melanoma - ✔✔Lymphatics, long, liver, brain, G.I. tract
✔✔Para neoplastic syndrome's - ✔✔Constellation of symptoms which are ignited by
cancer. Typically triggered by the release of substances from a tumor. Represent the
earliest sign of unknown cancer. Maybe irreversible and lead to death.
,✔✔Cushing's syndrome - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer small cell carcinoma of the long
pancreatic carcinoma neural tumors, Caused by AC TH or ACTH like substance
✔✔Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion - ✔✔Form of underlying
cancer small cell carcinoma of the lung, intracranial neoplasm, Caused by antidiuretic
hormone or atrial natriuretic hormones
✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer squamous cell carcinoma of the
long, breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, I don't T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, ovarian
carcinoma. Caused by parathyroid hormone/related protein
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer fibrocarcinoma, other sarcomas,
hepatocellular carcinoma. Cause insulin or insulin like substance
✔✔Carcinoid syndrome - ✔✔Form of the underlying cancer bronchial adenoma,
pancreatic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma. Cause serotonin and bradykinin
✔✔Polycythemia - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer renal carcinoma, cerebral him
angioma, hepatocellular carcinoma. Cause erythropoietin
✔✔Myasthenia - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer bronchiogenic carcinoma cause
immunologic
✔✔Acanthosis nigricans - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer gastric carcinoma, lung
carcinoma, uterine carcinoma. Kies immunologic, secretion of epidermal growth factor
✔✔Dermamyositis - ✔✔Form of underlying cancer bronchogenic, breast carcinoma.
Cause immunologic
✔✔Clubbing of fingers - ✔✔Form of the underlying cancer bronchiogenic carcinoma.
Cause unknown
✔✔Cachexia - ✔✔Imbalance between energy intake versus energy used. Catabolic
process and results in wasting syndrome. Loss of appetite, cardiac atrophy, dysfunction,
gut barrier dysfunction, release of pro inflammatory mediators, release of acute phase
reactants, increased lipolysis, Release of fatty acid's, reduce albumin synthesis,
thermogenesis, weight loss and muscle wasting. Increase in apoptosis and impaired
ability to regenerate cells
✔✔Cancer staging - ✔✔T equals tumor size
N equals degree of lymph node involvement
M equals distance of mets
, ✔✔Tumor markers - ✔✔Substances produced by cancer cells that are found on tumor
plasma membrane or in blood, spinal fluid or urine. Use to help diagnose detect or
manage some cancers. Decrease in these levels may mean the cancer is responding to
treatment. Resurgence of this may mean recurrence of cancer. No change may mean
the cancer is not responding to treatment.
✔✔ATP depletion - ✔✔Loss of mitochondrial production of ATP; causes swelling,
decreased protein synthesis, and impairs cell membrane transport
✔✔Metabolic absorption - ✔✔Cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from
their surroundings
✔✔Protein - ✔✔Organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by
acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active
pumps
✔✔Metaplasia - ✔✔Replacement of one mature cell by stratified epithelial cells
✔✔Loss of ATP in ischemia - ✔✔Causes cells to swell because of influx of Na
✔✔Hyperplasia - ✔✔Causes mammary glands to enlarge during pregnancy
✔✔Free radicals play major role in initial and progression of - ✔✔Cardiovascular
diseases like htn and ischemic heart disease
✔✔Free radicals cause cell damage by - ✔✔Giving up an electron which causes injury
to the chemical bonds of the cell
✔✔Plasma membrane damage to mitochondria - ✔✔Causes influx of calcium ions and
halts ATP
✔✔Acute alcoholism affects - ✔✔The CNS
✔✔Free calcium in the cytosine that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme
activation - ✔✔Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell
✔✔Liquefactive necrosis - ✔✔Ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain
✔✔Caseous necrosis - ✔✔Associated with TB
✔✔After heart muscle injury the damage is - ✔✔Repaired by newly matured
cardiomyocytes
✔✔Ovulation is an example of - ✔✔Hormonal hyperplasia
