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Certified Lactation Counselor (CLC)
Study Questions and Answers Latest
2026
AAP Ans: American Academy of Pediatrics
ABM Ans: Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
AGA Ans: Appropriate for gestational age.
Alveoli Ans: Small glands in the breast that produce
breast milk.
Amenorrhea Ans: The absence of menstruation.
Aysemmetric latch Ans: Optimal attachment to the
breast, where the babies lips are not centered in
relationship to the areola, but rather vertically off
centered, with the babies chin and lower lip closer to the
edge of the areola and the babies upper lip.
Atopy Ans: And allergy for which there is a genetic
predisposition, such as asthma, eczema, or rhinitis.
(BFHI) Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Ans: The UNICEF
baby friendly hospital initiative, an international program
recognizing hospitals and birth centers that implement
the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
Bilirubin Ans: The byproduct of the breakdown of the
hemoglobin portion of red blood cells.
Bilirubin Encephalopathy Ans: Damage to the brain and
central nervous system related to hyperbilirubinemia
(Jaundice); Also known as "Kernicterus."
Milk Bleb Ans: A firm, small, white spot near the nipple
pore opening containing accumulated milk solids. Also
referred to as a milk blister.
Block Feeding Ans: A pattern of feeding: used to deal
with an over-abundant milk supply. In block feeding, the
mother offers the baby only one breast for one, two, or
three feedings to generate mild local pressure to slow
down milk production. Then she offers the other breast
for another block of time.
Blocked Duct Ans: A condition in which milk from one
part of the breast does not flow well and forms a lump of
solidified milk that blocks the milk duct.
Brachial Plexus Injury Ans: Decreased movement or
sensation in the arm caused by injury to the bundle of
nerves passing through the shoulder area. This may be
caused during birth by pressure to the shoulder area.
Bradycardia Ans: Slow heart rate, less than 100 bpm in an
infant.
Breast Abscess Ans: An area in the breast that feels hot
and painful and is full of fluid. Typically resulting from
unresolved mastitis.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
Breast Compression Ans: A hands-on method used
during nursing or pumping to increase the flow of milk.
The mother gently sneezes, or compresses gently, her
breast. Typically used when milk flow stops or slows, to
increase milk flow again. Also called "alternate massage."
Breastmilk Jaundice Ans: Jaundice occurring in the breast
fed infant after 10-14 days of life. The cause of
breastmilk jaundice is unknown and the incident is less
than 1%.
Brucellosis Ans: Bacterial infection from contact with
animals carrying the Brucella bacteria. Infection causes
an undulating fever that spikes in waves.
Candida Ans: A family of parasitic fungi occurring
especially in the mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. They
are usually benign but can become pathogenic and
include the caustive agent (candida albicans) of thrush.
Caput Succedaneum Ans: Swelling of the soft tissues of a
newborn baby's scalp that develops as a baby travels
through the birth canal.
CDC Ans: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cephalohematoma Ans: A lump that rises on the head of
a newborn with an hours of birth due to bleeding beneath
the bones of the skull.
Chorioamniotis Ans: Inflammation of the fetal membrane
due to infection.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 4 | Page
Cleft Lip and/or Palate Ans: A congenital birth defect
causing a division or opening in the roof of the mouth
and/or split in the lip.
Cyanosis Ans: A bluish discoloration of the skin and
mucous membranes.
Colostrum Ans: The first milk, produced in the breast by
the seventh month of pregnancy. It is thick, sticky, and
clear to yellowish in color; is high in protein and vitamin
A; causes a laxative effect, thus, helping the baby to pass
meconium stools. Immunoglobulins (mostly IgA) In
colostrum provide an anti-infection protection to the
baby and their gut microbiome.
Contraindication Ans: A condition or factor that makes
something in advisable.
Craniofacial Ans: Involving the head and skull.
Cooper's Ligaments Ans: The triangular-shaped ligaments
underlying the breasts.
Cytomegalovirus Ans: A virus of the herpes family that is
relatively harmless and adults but can cause severe
systemic infection in infants, particularly those born
premature.
Dehydration Signs Ans: Symptoms include, but are not
limited to the following: Dry or sticky mouth, low or no
urine output, concentrated urine that appears dark
yellow, non-production of tears, sunken eyes, markedly
© 2025 All rights reserved
Certified Lactation Counselor (CLC)
Study Questions and Answers Latest
2026
AAP Ans: American Academy of Pediatrics
ABM Ans: Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
AGA Ans: Appropriate for gestational age.
Alveoli Ans: Small glands in the breast that produce
breast milk.
Amenorrhea Ans: The absence of menstruation.
Aysemmetric latch Ans: Optimal attachment to the
breast, where the babies lips are not centered in
relationship to the areola, but rather vertically off
centered, with the babies chin and lower lip closer to the
edge of the areola and the babies upper lip.
Atopy Ans: And allergy for which there is a genetic
predisposition, such as asthma, eczema, or rhinitis.
(BFHI) Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Ans: The UNICEF
baby friendly hospital initiative, an international program
recognizing hospitals and birth centers that implement
the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
Bilirubin Ans: The byproduct of the breakdown of the
hemoglobin portion of red blood cells.
Bilirubin Encephalopathy Ans: Damage to the brain and
central nervous system related to hyperbilirubinemia
(Jaundice); Also known as "Kernicterus."
Milk Bleb Ans: A firm, small, white spot near the nipple
pore opening containing accumulated milk solids. Also
referred to as a milk blister.
Block Feeding Ans: A pattern of feeding: used to deal
with an over-abundant milk supply. In block feeding, the
mother offers the baby only one breast for one, two, or
three feedings to generate mild local pressure to slow
down milk production. Then she offers the other breast
for another block of time.
Blocked Duct Ans: A condition in which milk from one
part of the breast does not flow well and forms a lump of
solidified milk that blocks the milk duct.
Brachial Plexus Injury Ans: Decreased movement or
sensation in the arm caused by injury to the bundle of
nerves passing through the shoulder area. This may be
caused during birth by pressure to the shoulder area.
Bradycardia Ans: Slow heart rate, less than 100 bpm in an
infant.
Breast Abscess Ans: An area in the breast that feels hot
and painful and is full of fluid. Typically resulting from
unresolved mastitis.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
Breast Compression Ans: A hands-on method used
during nursing or pumping to increase the flow of milk.
The mother gently sneezes, or compresses gently, her
breast. Typically used when milk flow stops or slows, to
increase milk flow again. Also called "alternate massage."
Breastmilk Jaundice Ans: Jaundice occurring in the breast
fed infant after 10-14 days of life. The cause of
breastmilk jaundice is unknown and the incident is less
than 1%.
Brucellosis Ans: Bacterial infection from contact with
animals carrying the Brucella bacteria. Infection causes
an undulating fever that spikes in waves.
Candida Ans: A family of parasitic fungi occurring
especially in the mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. They
are usually benign but can become pathogenic and
include the caustive agent (candida albicans) of thrush.
Caput Succedaneum Ans: Swelling of the soft tissues of a
newborn baby's scalp that develops as a baby travels
through the birth canal.
CDC Ans: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cephalohematoma Ans: A lump that rises on the head of
a newborn with an hours of birth due to bleeding beneath
the bones of the skull.
Chorioamniotis Ans: Inflammation of the fetal membrane
due to infection.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 4 | Page
Cleft Lip and/or Palate Ans: A congenital birth defect
causing a division or opening in the roof of the mouth
and/or split in the lip.
Cyanosis Ans: A bluish discoloration of the skin and
mucous membranes.
Colostrum Ans: The first milk, produced in the breast by
the seventh month of pregnancy. It is thick, sticky, and
clear to yellowish in color; is high in protein and vitamin
A; causes a laxative effect, thus, helping the baby to pass
meconium stools. Immunoglobulins (mostly IgA) In
colostrum provide an anti-infection protection to the
baby and their gut microbiome.
Contraindication Ans: A condition or factor that makes
something in advisable.
Craniofacial Ans: Involving the head and skull.
Cooper's Ligaments Ans: The triangular-shaped ligaments
underlying the breasts.
Cytomegalovirus Ans: A virus of the herpes family that is
relatively harmless and adults but can cause severe
systemic infection in infants, particularly those born
premature.
Dehydration Signs Ans: Symptoms include, but are not
limited to the following: Dry or sticky mouth, low or no
urine output, concentrated urine that appears dark
yellow, non-production of tears, sunken eyes, markedly
© 2025 All rights reserved
