WGU D312 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS (PASS GUARANTEE)
1. Q: What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
ANSWER Anatomy is the study of body structure and the physical
relationships between body parts, while physiology is the study of how
those structures function and the chemical and physical processes that
occur.
2. Q: What are the six levels of structural organization in the human
body? ANSWER Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and
organismal levels.
3. Q: Define homeostasis. ANSWER Homeostasis is the maintenance of a
relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external
environment, through self-regulating physiological processes.
4. Q: What are the three components of a feedback loop? ANSWER
Receptor (sensor), control center (integrator), and effector.
5. Q: What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?
ANSWER Negative feedback reverses or reduces the initial stimulus to
maintain homeostasis, while positive feedback amplifies the initial
stimulus, moving the system further from its starting point.
6. Q: Give an example of negative feedback. ANSWER Body
temperature regulation - when body temperature rises, mechanisms like
sweating are activated to cool the body down.
7. Q: Give an example of positive feedback. ANSWER Childbirth -
oxytocin release causes uterine contractions, which stimulate more
oxytocin release, intensifying contractions until delivery.
8. Q: What is anatomical position? ANSWER Standing upright, feet
parallel and flat on floor, arms at sides with palms facing forward, and
head facing forward.
, 9. Q: Define superior and inferior. ANSWER Superior means toward the
head or upper part of the body; inferior means toward the feet or lower
part of the body.
10.Q: Define anterior and posterior. ANSWER Anterior (ventral) means
toward the front of the body; posterior (dorsal) means toward the back of
the body.
SECTION 2: Directional Terms and Body Planes
11.Q: Define medial and lateral. ANSWER Medial means toward the
midline of the body; lateral means away from the midline of the body.
12.Q: Define proximal and distal. ANSWER Proximal means closer to
the point of attachment or origin; distal means farther from the point of
attachment or origin.
13.Q: Define superficial and deep. ANSWER Superficial means toward
or on the body surface; deep means away from the body surface or more
internal.
14.Q: What is the sagittal plane? ANSWER A vertical plane that divides
the body into right and left parts. The midsagittal plane divides it into
equal right and left halves.
15.Q: What is the frontal (coronal) plane? ANSWER A vertical plane
that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
16.Q: What is the transverse (horizontal) plane? ANSWER A horizontal
plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
portions.
17.Q: What are the two major body cavities? ANSWER The dorsal body
cavity (contains brain and spinal cord) and the ventral body cavity
(contains organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities).
18.Q: What organs are in the thoracic cavity? ANSWER Heart, lungs,
esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.
19.Q: What is the mediastinum? ANSWER The central region of the
thoracic cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and
major blood vessels; it separates the two lungs.
20.Q: What organs are in the abdominopelvic cavity? ANSWER
Stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, bladder,
and reproductive organs.
, SECTION 3: Chemistry Basics
21.Q: What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?
ANSWER Oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N),
which make up about 96% of body mass.
22.Q: What is an atom? ANSWER The smallest unit of an element that
retains the chemical properties of that element, consisting of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
23.Q: What is an ion? ANSWER An atom or molecule that has gained or
lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge.
24.Q: What is a covalent bond? ANSWER A chemical bond formed
when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
25.Q: What is an ionic bond? ANSWER A chemical bond formed by the
electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
26.Q: What is a hydrogen bond? ANSWER A weak attraction between a
hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom
(like oxygen or nitrogen) with a partial negative charge.
27.Q: Why is water called the "universal solvent"? ANSWER Because
water can dissolve more substances than any other liquid due to its polar
nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
28.Q: What is pH? ANSWER A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in
a solution, indicating acidity or alkalinity on a scale from 0-14.
29.Q: What is the normal pH range of human blood? ANSWER 7.35-
7.45 (slightly alkaline).
30.Q: What is a buffer? ANSWER A chemical substance that resists
changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions.
SECTION 4: Organic Molecules
31.Q: What are the four major classes of organic molecules? ANSWER
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
32.Q: What is the primary function of carbohydrates? ANSWER To
provide quick energy for cellular processes and structural support in some
cells.
33.Q: What is the monomer (building block) of carbohydrates?
ANSWER Monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose).
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS (PASS GUARANTEE)
1. Q: What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
ANSWER Anatomy is the study of body structure and the physical
relationships between body parts, while physiology is the study of how
those structures function and the chemical and physical processes that
occur.
2. Q: What are the six levels of structural organization in the human
body? ANSWER Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and
organismal levels.
3. Q: Define homeostasis. ANSWER Homeostasis is the maintenance of a
relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external
environment, through self-regulating physiological processes.
4. Q: What are the three components of a feedback loop? ANSWER
Receptor (sensor), control center (integrator), and effector.
5. Q: What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?
ANSWER Negative feedback reverses or reduces the initial stimulus to
maintain homeostasis, while positive feedback amplifies the initial
stimulus, moving the system further from its starting point.
6. Q: Give an example of negative feedback. ANSWER Body
temperature regulation - when body temperature rises, mechanisms like
sweating are activated to cool the body down.
7. Q: Give an example of positive feedback. ANSWER Childbirth -
oxytocin release causes uterine contractions, which stimulate more
oxytocin release, intensifying contractions until delivery.
8. Q: What is anatomical position? ANSWER Standing upright, feet
parallel and flat on floor, arms at sides with palms facing forward, and
head facing forward.
, 9. Q: Define superior and inferior. ANSWER Superior means toward the
head or upper part of the body; inferior means toward the feet or lower
part of the body.
10.Q: Define anterior and posterior. ANSWER Anterior (ventral) means
toward the front of the body; posterior (dorsal) means toward the back of
the body.
SECTION 2: Directional Terms and Body Planes
11.Q: Define medial and lateral. ANSWER Medial means toward the
midline of the body; lateral means away from the midline of the body.
12.Q: Define proximal and distal. ANSWER Proximal means closer to
the point of attachment or origin; distal means farther from the point of
attachment or origin.
13.Q: Define superficial and deep. ANSWER Superficial means toward
or on the body surface; deep means away from the body surface or more
internal.
14.Q: What is the sagittal plane? ANSWER A vertical plane that divides
the body into right and left parts. The midsagittal plane divides it into
equal right and left halves.
15.Q: What is the frontal (coronal) plane? ANSWER A vertical plane
that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
16.Q: What is the transverse (horizontal) plane? ANSWER A horizontal
plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
portions.
17.Q: What are the two major body cavities? ANSWER The dorsal body
cavity (contains brain and spinal cord) and the ventral body cavity
(contains organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities).
18.Q: What organs are in the thoracic cavity? ANSWER Heart, lungs,
esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.
19.Q: What is the mediastinum? ANSWER The central region of the
thoracic cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and
major blood vessels; it separates the two lungs.
20.Q: What organs are in the abdominopelvic cavity? ANSWER
Stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, bladder,
and reproductive organs.
, SECTION 3: Chemistry Basics
21.Q: What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?
ANSWER Oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N),
which make up about 96% of body mass.
22.Q: What is an atom? ANSWER The smallest unit of an element that
retains the chemical properties of that element, consisting of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
23.Q: What is an ion? ANSWER An atom or molecule that has gained or
lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge.
24.Q: What is a covalent bond? ANSWER A chemical bond formed
when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
25.Q: What is an ionic bond? ANSWER A chemical bond formed by the
electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
26.Q: What is a hydrogen bond? ANSWER A weak attraction between a
hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom
(like oxygen or nitrogen) with a partial negative charge.
27.Q: Why is water called the "universal solvent"? ANSWER Because
water can dissolve more substances than any other liquid due to its polar
nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
28.Q: What is pH? ANSWER A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in
a solution, indicating acidity or alkalinity on a scale from 0-14.
29.Q: What is the normal pH range of human blood? ANSWER 7.35-
7.45 (slightly alkaline).
30.Q: What is a buffer? ANSWER A chemical substance that resists
changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions.
SECTION 4: Organic Molecules
31.Q: What are the four major classes of organic molecules? ANSWER
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
32.Q: What is the primary function of carbohydrates? ANSWER To
provide quick energy for cellular processes and structural support in some
cells.
33.Q: What is the monomer (building block) of carbohydrates?
ANSWER Monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose).
