NU 136 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔gastritis - ✔✔-Inflammation of the stomach lining
-hyperactive bowel sounds
-S&S- Hematemesis; indigestion; epigastric pain
-Irritants such as aspirin; poisons; alcohol; tobacco
✔✔constipation - ✔✔-Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too
little fiber in the diet
-hypoactive bowel sounds
✔✔normal bowel sounds - ✔✔-high-pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds, occurring
irregularly anywhere from 5 to 30 times per minute.
✔✔ileostomy - ✔✔bowel diversion which processes liquid fecal content from the small
intestine to be eliminated via the stomach
✔✔colostomy - ✔✔-a surgical operation that creates an opening from the colon to the
surface of the body to function as an anus
-colostomy effluent is formed
✔✔gate control theory of pain - ✔✔-the theory that particular nerve receptors in the
spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain
-opening the gate allows the transmission of pain sensation
-closing the gate blocks this transmission
✔✔Examples of gate control theory - ✔✔opens the gate: touching a hot pan
closing the gate: pulling your hand away
✔✔Primary mode of action for opioids or narcatics - ✔✔Block pain at the central
nervous system level
✔✔COX-2 inhibitors for arthritis pain - ✔✔celecoxib - an anti-inflammatory drug that is
currently the only FDA approved COX-2 inhibitor
✔✔Primary mode of action for nonopioid analgesics - ✔✔Block pain at the peripheral
nervous system level
✔✔examples of nonopioids for pain (3) - ✔✔-NSAIDS: asprin, ibuprofen
-acetaminophen: tylenol
✔✔Mind-body interventions: Imagery - ✔✔-uses a visual stimulus to produce a
particular physiologic change that can decrease stress or promote healing
,-imagine "a happy place"
✔✔Mind-body interventions: mediation - ✔✔-involves focusing attention on a single
repetitive stimulus
-lowers heart and respiratory rates
✔✔primary effect of a drug - ✔✔the desired effect
✔✔secondary effect of a drug - ✔✔-All other effects, desirable or undesirable
-causing side effects (unintended actions)
or
-causing adverse effects (undesirable effects with more serious consequences)
✔✔example of primary effect vs secondary effect - ✔✔-Primary effect of an
antihistamine: reduce or block histamines, so they stop allergy symptoms
-Secondary effect of an antihistamine: Drowsiness or sleepiness. The secondary effect
is undesirable when driving a car but might be desirable at bedtime.
✔✔Onset of drug action - ✔✔the amount of time it takes to produce a therapeutic effect
after drug administration
✔✔routine or scheduled medication order - ✔✔a medication order that is carried out
until it is canceled by the health care provider or until the prescribed number of doses
has been given
✔✔PRN order - ✔✔"as needed" order for medication
✔✔What must every PRN order indicate? - ✔✔-frequency of administration
-symptom or condition with which to treat
✔✔STAT order - ✔✔Any medication that is needed immediately
✔✔When should the nurse give a STAT order? - ✔✔within 15 minutes of the order
written
✔✔Example of drug order: Digoxin 0.25 mg PO daily - ✔✔Meaning: Digoxin (a drug that
strengthens the heart) in a dose of 0.25 mg to be given orally every day
✔✔Example of drug order: Methylprednisolone 4 mg PO qid - ✔✔Meaning:
Methylprednisolone (a type of cortisone) in a dose of 4 mg to be given orally four times
a day
, ✔✔Example of a drug order: Acyclovir 200 mg PO q 4 h (five times daily) when awake -
✔✔meaning: Acyclovir (an antiviral medication) in a dose of 200 mg to be given orally
every 4 hours during waking hours for a total of 5 doses each day
✔✔Examples of PRN orders: Oxycodone HCI 5 mg PO q 6 h PRN pain -
✔✔Oxycodone (an analgesic) 5 mg given by mouth every 6 hours as needed for pain
✔✔Examples of PRN orders: Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) 30 mL PO at
bedtime PRN - ✔✔Magnesium hydroxide (a laxative) 30 mL by mouth given at bedtime
as needed for constipation
✔✔Medications you cannot crush - ✔✔-sublingual
-bucccal
-enteric coated
-sustained-release
-potentially carcinogenic (antineoplastic) products
✔✔Reading the results of a TB skin test - ✔✔The result is read between 48 and 72
hours. the test is positive when:
-the swelling at the site of injection is more than 5 mm in diameter in people who have a
history of contact with infectious tuberculosis or in immunocompromised patients
-induration of more than 10 mm in diameter in immigrants from countries where
tuberculosis is prevalent, in medically underserved groups and in the homeless
-for those people at low risk, induration if more than 15 mm
✔✔If a person takes a TB skin test and the the swelling at the site of injection is more
than 5 mm in diameter. What does this indicate? - ✔✔Positive reaction - indicates that
the person has a history of contact with infectious tuberculosis or in
immunocompromised patients.
✔✔If a person takes a TB skin test and the the swelling at the site of injection is more
than 10 mm in diameter. What does this indicate? - ✔✔Positive reaction - prevalent with
immigrants from countries where tuberculosis is prevalent, in medically underserved
groups and in the homeless
✔✔f a person takes a TB skin test and the the swelling at the site of injection is less
than 5 mm in diameter. What does this indicate? - ✔✔Negative reaction
✔✔EKG/ECG - ✔✔-electrocardiogram: measures electrical activity of the heart
-consists of waves an lines that represent the electrical activity during the cardiac cycle
-quick and easy and it provides an immediate visual record
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔gastritis - ✔✔-Inflammation of the stomach lining
-hyperactive bowel sounds
-S&S- Hematemesis; indigestion; epigastric pain
-Irritants such as aspirin; poisons; alcohol; tobacco
✔✔constipation - ✔✔-Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too
little fiber in the diet
-hypoactive bowel sounds
✔✔normal bowel sounds - ✔✔-high-pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds, occurring
irregularly anywhere from 5 to 30 times per minute.
✔✔ileostomy - ✔✔bowel diversion which processes liquid fecal content from the small
intestine to be eliminated via the stomach
✔✔colostomy - ✔✔-a surgical operation that creates an opening from the colon to the
surface of the body to function as an anus
-colostomy effluent is formed
✔✔gate control theory of pain - ✔✔-the theory that particular nerve receptors in the
spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain
-opening the gate allows the transmission of pain sensation
-closing the gate blocks this transmission
✔✔Examples of gate control theory - ✔✔opens the gate: touching a hot pan
closing the gate: pulling your hand away
✔✔Primary mode of action for opioids or narcatics - ✔✔Block pain at the central
nervous system level
✔✔COX-2 inhibitors for arthritis pain - ✔✔celecoxib - an anti-inflammatory drug that is
currently the only FDA approved COX-2 inhibitor
✔✔Primary mode of action for nonopioid analgesics - ✔✔Block pain at the peripheral
nervous system level
✔✔examples of nonopioids for pain (3) - ✔✔-NSAIDS: asprin, ibuprofen
-acetaminophen: tylenol
✔✔Mind-body interventions: Imagery - ✔✔-uses a visual stimulus to produce a
particular physiologic change that can decrease stress or promote healing
,-imagine "a happy place"
✔✔Mind-body interventions: mediation - ✔✔-involves focusing attention on a single
repetitive stimulus
-lowers heart and respiratory rates
✔✔primary effect of a drug - ✔✔the desired effect
✔✔secondary effect of a drug - ✔✔-All other effects, desirable or undesirable
-causing side effects (unintended actions)
or
-causing adverse effects (undesirable effects with more serious consequences)
✔✔example of primary effect vs secondary effect - ✔✔-Primary effect of an
antihistamine: reduce or block histamines, so they stop allergy symptoms
-Secondary effect of an antihistamine: Drowsiness or sleepiness. The secondary effect
is undesirable when driving a car but might be desirable at bedtime.
✔✔Onset of drug action - ✔✔the amount of time it takes to produce a therapeutic effect
after drug administration
✔✔routine or scheduled medication order - ✔✔a medication order that is carried out
until it is canceled by the health care provider or until the prescribed number of doses
has been given
✔✔PRN order - ✔✔"as needed" order for medication
✔✔What must every PRN order indicate? - ✔✔-frequency of administration
-symptom or condition with which to treat
✔✔STAT order - ✔✔Any medication that is needed immediately
✔✔When should the nurse give a STAT order? - ✔✔within 15 minutes of the order
written
✔✔Example of drug order: Digoxin 0.25 mg PO daily - ✔✔Meaning: Digoxin (a drug that
strengthens the heart) in a dose of 0.25 mg to be given orally every day
✔✔Example of drug order: Methylprednisolone 4 mg PO qid - ✔✔Meaning:
Methylprednisolone (a type of cortisone) in a dose of 4 mg to be given orally four times
a day
, ✔✔Example of a drug order: Acyclovir 200 mg PO q 4 h (five times daily) when awake -
✔✔meaning: Acyclovir (an antiviral medication) in a dose of 200 mg to be given orally
every 4 hours during waking hours for a total of 5 doses each day
✔✔Examples of PRN orders: Oxycodone HCI 5 mg PO q 6 h PRN pain -
✔✔Oxycodone (an analgesic) 5 mg given by mouth every 6 hours as needed for pain
✔✔Examples of PRN orders: Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) 30 mL PO at
bedtime PRN - ✔✔Magnesium hydroxide (a laxative) 30 mL by mouth given at bedtime
as needed for constipation
✔✔Medications you cannot crush - ✔✔-sublingual
-bucccal
-enteric coated
-sustained-release
-potentially carcinogenic (antineoplastic) products
✔✔Reading the results of a TB skin test - ✔✔The result is read between 48 and 72
hours. the test is positive when:
-the swelling at the site of injection is more than 5 mm in diameter in people who have a
history of contact with infectious tuberculosis or in immunocompromised patients
-induration of more than 10 mm in diameter in immigrants from countries where
tuberculosis is prevalent, in medically underserved groups and in the homeless
-for those people at low risk, induration if more than 15 mm
✔✔If a person takes a TB skin test and the the swelling at the site of injection is more
than 5 mm in diameter. What does this indicate? - ✔✔Positive reaction - indicates that
the person has a history of contact with infectious tuberculosis or in
immunocompromised patients.
✔✔If a person takes a TB skin test and the the swelling at the site of injection is more
than 10 mm in diameter. What does this indicate? - ✔✔Positive reaction - prevalent with
immigrants from countries where tuberculosis is prevalent, in medically underserved
groups and in the homeless
✔✔f a person takes a TB skin test and the the swelling at the site of injection is less
than 5 mm in diameter. What does this indicate? - ✔✔Negative reaction
✔✔EKG/ECG - ✔✔-electrocardiogram: measures electrical activity of the heart
-consists of waves an lines that represent the electrical activity during the cardiac cycle
-quick and easy and it provides an immediate visual record
