NURS 3366 ACTUAL 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Artificial passive acquired immunity? - ✔✔antibodies are injected during treatment in
emergencies until active immunity can develop
ex: TIG (tetanus immunoglobin) given to pt with dirty would who has never had
tetanus/has not had booster in long time
✔✔What are advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity? - ✔✔advantages:
-powerful to immediately fight disease
-immediately begin attacking microbes
disadvantages:
-only lasts as long as antibody lasts- about 2 weeks
✔✔What is the purpose of the inflammatory response? - ✔✔facilitate shifting of
substances from blood into injured/irritated tissues to:
-clean up healing area, begin clotting process and promote healing
-stimulate enhanced immunocyte response as needed
✔✔Step 1 of inflammatory response? - ✔✔Leakiness in 3 ways
1- irritated/injured cells that makeup tissues undergo disruption to metabolic pathway--
loss of cell membrane integrity--leakage of fluid in area
2- mast cell degranulation occurs (tissue in body made up of mast cells)--stimulated by
injury- will degranulate and LEAK chemical "granules"-- local inflammatory mediators
(leukotrienes, histamine, prostaglandins)
3-cause capillaries in area to swell up and vasodilate (relax) and more permeable so
leak plasma from blood to tissue and this leaking plasma contains neutrophils, clotting
factors and fibring
if MORE inflammation is needed- SYSTEMIC inflammatory mediators come to area via
bloodstream to "POUR FUEL ON FIRE" aka ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS- CPR,
circulating prostaglandins
✔✔Step 2 of inflammation process? - ✔✔-neutrophils (phagocytic WBC in blood) and
macrophages (phagocytic cells in tissue) phagocytize "eat and destroy" dirt, debris,
dying tissue or microbes they might find in the area
-combination of plasma, phagocytes, dead tissue, bacteria, fibrin cells result in thick
fluid called exudate
,(little microbe involvement will have clear gold color called serous exudate and if has
blood- serosanguinous)
-if more microbe and WBC involvement- infection- exudate becomes thick and
white/yellow and is purulent exudate or pus
✔✔Step 3 of inflammation process? - ✔✔if bacteria, viruses were apart of the mix from
step 2, macrophages will have phagocytized and processed them and need help from
3rd line of defense- acquired immunity!
-the lymphocytes will help kill microbes and create memory (immunity)
-to involved lymphocytes: macrophages secrete chemotactic substances to "call
immunocytes" to come to area via bloodstream AND display remnants of microbes on
cell membranes as display guide to lymphocytes of "HEY LOOK THIS IS OUR
ENEMY!!"
✔✔Step 4 of inflammation process? - ✔✔-clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come
together to create healing- granulating tissue
✔✔WBC types? mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes - ✔✔mast cells:
WBC in tissue
macrophages: start off life as monocytes and end up in tissue and phaogcytize
microbes
neutrophils- circulating phagocytes and kill microogranisms in blood and tissue
lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes "immunocytes"
✔✔What are examples of local inflammatory response? - ✔✔appendicitis, pleuritis,
thyroiditis
✔✔What is the systemic inflammatory response? - ✔✔the same as the local one, but
less specific focus!
-occurs when body needs extra help with more leukocytes and acute phase reactants
(CRP, circulating prostaglandins)
✔✔What inflammatory response characters would be involved in system response? -
✔✔leukotriens, histamines, prostaglandins, CRP, large numbers WBCS
-first 3 are when it is local, and last 3 (prosta becomes circulating) when systemic
✔✔What are S/S of systemic inflammation? - ✔✔-malaise, aches, pains, fever
fever (because of response to increased prostaglandins and acute phase reactants and
to KILL microorganisms)
, -lab tests: CBC will show increased leukocytes-WBC and neutrophils especially
because they are KEY phagocytes
-serum CRP will be elevated because it is an acute phase reactant "fuel on fire"
✔✔What are the quantitative and qualitative effects of "not enough" inflammation? -
✔✔quantitative:
-leukopenia (def in WBC)
-neutropenia (def in neutrophils)
-could be from chemotherapy
qualitative:
-chemotactic defects (wont response appropriately when "summoned")
-impaired function (phagocytes damaged by DM have decreased ability to fight
microbes) so greater risk for infection for people with DM
✔✔What are examples of "too much" inflammation? - ✔✔-body goes into OVERDRIVE
and can become chronic
-septic shock
-chronic inflammation disorders (SIRS, sepsis)
✔✔What is SIRS? - ✔✔-systemic inflammatory response syndrome
-occurs when normal systemic inflammatory response goes into overdrive and the
normal "braking" system of inflammatory response system does not occur
-widespread impaired tissue function and organ damage
✔✔SIRS is present when 2 (usually more) of the following S/S are present: - ✔✔1-
unexplained change in mental status (confusion, not as awake as normal)
2-fever more than 100.4
3- increased HR (60-100 is normal)
4- increased RR (12-20 RR is normal)
5-abnormal WBC count
✔✔Sepsis occurs with ___ + ___ - ✔✔SIRS and infection
✔✔Septic shock occurs with ___ + ____ - ✔✔sepsis and low BP
✔✔Septic shock and the arteries- explain - ✔✔vasodilation
-low arterial vessel "tone" and arteries are too relaxed "floppy"
-blood pools rather than circulating
-low blood volume eventually reduces amount of O2 being brought to tissue and
decreasing BP
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Artificial passive acquired immunity? - ✔✔antibodies are injected during treatment in
emergencies until active immunity can develop
ex: TIG (tetanus immunoglobin) given to pt with dirty would who has never had
tetanus/has not had booster in long time
✔✔What are advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity? - ✔✔advantages:
-powerful to immediately fight disease
-immediately begin attacking microbes
disadvantages:
-only lasts as long as antibody lasts- about 2 weeks
✔✔What is the purpose of the inflammatory response? - ✔✔facilitate shifting of
substances from blood into injured/irritated tissues to:
-clean up healing area, begin clotting process and promote healing
-stimulate enhanced immunocyte response as needed
✔✔Step 1 of inflammatory response? - ✔✔Leakiness in 3 ways
1- irritated/injured cells that makeup tissues undergo disruption to metabolic pathway--
loss of cell membrane integrity--leakage of fluid in area
2- mast cell degranulation occurs (tissue in body made up of mast cells)--stimulated by
injury- will degranulate and LEAK chemical "granules"-- local inflammatory mediators
(leukotrienes, histamine, prostaglandins)
3-cause capillaries in area to swell up and vasodilate (relax) and more permeable so
leak plasma from blood to tissue and this leaking plasma contains neutrophils, clotting
factors and fibring
if MORE inflammation is needed- SYSTEMIC inflammatory mediators come to area via
bloodstream to "POUR FUEL ON FIRE" aka ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS- CPR,
circulating prostaglandins
✔✔Step 2 of inflammation process? - ✔✔-neutrophils (phagocytic WBC in blood) and
macrophages (phagocytic cells in tissue) phagocytize "eat and destroy" dirt, debris,
dying tissue or microbes they might find in the area
-combination of plasma, phagocytes, dead tissue, bacteria, fibrin cells result in thick
fluid called exudate
,(little microbe involvement will have clear gold color called serous exudate and if has
blood- serosanguinous)
-if more microbe and WBC involvement- infection- exudate becomes thick and
white/yellow and is purulent exudate or pus
✔✔Step 3 of inflammation process? - ✔✔if bacteria, viruses were apart of the mix from
step 2, macrophages will have phagocytized and processed them and need help from
3rd line of defense- acquired immunity!
-the lymphocytes will help kill microbes and create memory (immunity)
-to involved lymphocytes: macrophages secrete chemotactic substances to "call
immunocytes" to come to area via bloodstream AND display remnants of microbes on
cell membranes as display guide to lymphocytes of "HEY LOOK THIS IS OUR
ENEMY!!"
✔✔Step 4 of inflammation process? - ✔✔-clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come
together to create healing- granulating tissue
✔✔WBC types? mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes - ✔✔mast cells:
WBC in tissue
macrophages: start off life as monocytes and end up in tissue and phaogcytize
microbes
neutrophils- circulating phagocytes and kill microogranisms in blood and tissue
lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes "immunocytes"
✔✔What are examples of local inflammatory response? - ✔✔appendicitis, pleuritis,
thyroiditis
✔✔What is the systemic inflammatory response? - ✔✔the same as the local one, but
less specific focus!
-occurs when body needs extra help with more leukocytes and acute phase reactants
(CRP, circulating prostaglandins)
✔✔What inflammatory response characters would be involved in system response? -
✔✔leukotriens, histamines, prostaglandins, CRP, large numbers WBCS
-first 3 are when it is local, and last 3 (prosta becomes circulating) when systemic
✔✔What are S/S of systemic inflammation? - ✔✔-malaise, aches, pains, fever
fever (because of response to increased prostaglandins and acute phase reactants and
to KILL microorganisms)
, -lab tests: CBC will show increased leukocytes-WBC and neutrophils especially
because they are KEY phagocytes
-serum CRP will be elevated because it is an acute phase reactant "fuel on fire"
✔✔What are the quantitative and qualitative effects of "not enough" inflammation? -
✔✔quantitative:
-leukopenia (def in WBC)
-neutropenia (def in neutrophils)
-could be from chemotherapy
qualitative:
-chemotactic defects (wont response appropriately when "summoned")
-impaired function (phagocytes damaged by DM have decreased ability to fight
microbes) so greater risk for infection for people with DM
✔✔What are examples of "too much" inflammation? - ✔✔-body goes into OVERDRIVE
and can become chronic
-septic shock
-chronic inflammation disorders (SIRS, sepsis)
✔✔What is SIRS? - ✔✔-systemic inflammatory response syndrome
-occurs when normal systemic inflammatory response goes into overdrive and the
normal "braking" system of inflammatory response system does not occur
-widespread impaired tissue function and organ damage
✔✔SIRS is present when 2 (usually more) of the following S/S are present: - ✔✔1-
unexplained change in mental status (confusion, not as awake as normal)
2-fever more than 100.4
3- increased HR (60-100 is normal)
4- increased RR (12-20 RR is normal)
5-abnormal WBC count
✔✔Sepsis occurs with ___ + ___ - ✔✔SIRS and infection
✔✔Septic shock occurs with ___ + ____ - ✔✔sepsis and low BP
✔✔Septic shock and the arteries- explain - ✔✔vasodilation
-low arterial vessel "tone" and arteries are too relaxed "floppy"
-blood pools rather than circulating
-low blood volume eventually reduces amount of O2 being brought to tissue and
decreasing BP
