NUR3503 End of Sem Exam – Paediatrics
Questions With Correct Answers
How |are |children |physically |different |to |adults? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Head |is |large |
compared |to |the |adult
- |Often |in |newborns |it |exceeds |the |circumference |of |the |chest
- |Anterior |and |posterior |fontanelles
- |Muscles |lack |tone, |power |and |coordination
- |Arms |and |legs |are |shorter |and |underdeveloped |at |birth
- |Midpoint |in |length |on |a |child |is |umbilicus
- |Midpoint |in |length |on |an |adult |is |the |symphysis |pubis
- |Disproportionate |abdomen |is |due |to |the |large |liver |and |small |pelvis
What |are |musculoskeletal |system |differences |between |the |adult |and |child? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-- |Skeletal |strength |and |endurance |increases |with |age
- |Protuberant |abdomen
-At |birth |spinal |column |has |only |the |anterior |curvature
- |Cervical |and |lumbar |curvature |begin |with |holding |head |up |and |walking
- |Small |facial |sinuses |(10-12 |years)
What |are |Central |Nervous |System |differences |between |the |adult |and |child? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-The |brain |of |the |neonate |is |relatively |large
- |1/10 |of |the |weight |as |compared |to |1/50 |of |adult
- |The |brain |grows |rapidly |commensurate |with |age
- |Fontenelle's |close |at |18 |months |to |2 |years |as |the |brain |grows
,Spinal |Cord
- |Neuronal |development |finishes |at |age |12
- |Myelination |is |not |complete |until |age |3
- |Primitive |reflexes |(Moro, |grasp) |disappear |with |myelination
*THEY |HAVE |Higher |metabolic |rate, |higher |oxygen |needs, |higher |calorie |need
What |are |Integumentary |system |differences |between |the |adult |and |child? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Growth |is |regulated |and |adjusted |to |variations |in |surface |area
Thin |structure |- |1mm |thick |at |birth
4% |of |Total |Birth |Weight |in |the |newborn
Body |Surface |Area |measurement |important |in |children |-why?
- |Functionally |matures |during |early |childhood
- |Production |of |sebum |is |minimal
- |Eccrine |glands |are |functional |but |immature
Cardiovascular |differences |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-At |birth |the |right |& |left |ventricles |are |
essentially |the |same |in |size |& |wall |thickness
During |the |1st |month |of |life |Right |Ventricle |dominant
4-6 |months |Left |Ventricle |dominant
• |By |four |weeks |the |LV |weighs |more |than |the |RV |(2 |months |twice |the |weight)
• |Cardiac |muscle |fibres |increase |over |childhood
• |Cardiac |Output |is |related |to |Heart |Rate |not |only |Stroke |Volume
• |Blood |pressure |rises
• |Total |blood |volume |70-80mls/kg
Respiratory |system |differences |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Trachea |is |short |and |soft
Large |tongue
,Airway |resistance |is |high
Epiglottis |is |horseshoe |shaped, |posterior |at |45 |degree |angle
Infants |<6 |months |- |obligate |nasal |breathers
Rely |on |diaphragm
Compliant |chest |wall
Outward |recoil |of |the |thorax |is |very |low
5 |yrs |to |puberty |lung |weight |increases |three |fold
Lung |and |alveolar |growth |and |size |and |maturation |of |tissues |by |8 |yrs
Why |is |fluid |homeostasis |important? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Newborn |70 |- |80 |% |Water
Full |term |infants |have |a |large |% |of |TBW |(total |body |water) |& |Extra |Cellular |Fluid
TBW |decreases |with |age |mainly |as |a |result |of |loss |of |water |in |ECF |fluid
Fluid |turnover |is |7 |times |greater |than |that |of |an |adult
Altered |fluid |balance |can |have |catastrophic |consequences
Organ |perfusion |and |metabolism |count |on |adequate |hydration
Infants |and |children |are |at |a |much |higher |risk |for |developing |rapid |dehydration
Childhood |Immunisations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-diphtheria
tetanus
pertussis |(whooping |cough)
poliomyelitis |(polio)
measles
mumps
rubella
haemophilus |influenzae |type |b |infections |HIB
HPV
, Hepatitis
Herpes |Zoster
Answering |Concerns |about |vaccinations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Listen, |most |questions |
answered |by |nurses, |access |information |sites
Don't |push
Keep |up |to |date
Anticipated |reactions
- |Links |to |Autism, |asthma
- |Developmental |delays
- |Unanticipated |adverse |reactions
Maslow's |Hierarchy |of |Needs |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-(level |1) |Physiological |Needs, |(level |2) |
Safety |and |Security, |(level |3) |Relationships, |Love |and |Affection, |(level |4) |Self |Esteem, |(level |5) |
Self |Actualization
What |do |children |need |for |health |development?
Common |age |groups |terminology |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Neonate: |0-4weeks
Infancy |: |0-1year
Toddler |: |1-3 |years
Early |childhood: |1-5 |years
Pre-schooler |: |4-6 |years
School-aged |: |6-11 |years
Childhood |: |5-13 |years
Adolescence |(varies) |: |12-19 |years |of |age
What |is |the |full |gestational |age? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-40 |weeks
Questions With Correct Answers
How |are |children |physically |different |to |adults? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Head |is |large |
compared |to |the |adult
- |Often |in |newborns |it |exceeds |the |circumference |of |the |chest
- |Anterior |and |posterior |fontanelles
- |Muscles |lack |tone, |power |and |coordination
- |Arms |and |legs |are |shorter |and |underdeveloped |at |birth
- |Midpoint |in |length |on |a |child |is |umbilicus
- |Midpoint |in |length |on |an |adult |is |the |symphysis |pubis
- |Disproportionate |abdomen |is |due |to |the |large |liver |and |small |pelvis
What |are |musculoskeletal |system |differences |between |the |adult |and |child? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-- |Skeletal |strength |and |endurance |increases |with |age
- |Protuberant |abdomen
-At |birth |spinal |column |has |only |the |anterior |curvature
- |Cervical |and |lumbar |curvature |begin |with |holding |head |up |and |walking
- |Small |facial |sinuses |(10-12 |years)
What |are |Central |Nervous |System |differences |between |the |adult |and |child? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-The |brain |of |the |neonate |is |relatively |large
- |1/10 |of |the |weight |as |compared |to |1/50 |of |adult
- |The |brain |grows |rapidly |commensurate |with |age
- |Fontenelle's |close |at |18 |months |to |2 |years |as |the |brain |grows
,Spinal |Cord
- |Neuronal |development |finishes |at |age |12
- |Myelination |is |not |complete |until |age |3
- |Primitive |reflexes |(Moro, |grasp) |disappear |with |myelination
*THEY |HAVE |Higher |metabolic |rate, |higher |oxygen |needs, |higher |calorie |need
What |are |Integumentary |system |differences |between |the |adult |and |child? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Growth |is |regulated |and |adjusted |to |variations |in |surface |area
Thin |structure |- |1mm |thick |at |birth
4% |of |Total |Birth |Weight |in |the |newborn
Body |Surface |Area |measurement |important |in |children |-why?
- |Functionally |matures |during |early |childhood
- |Production |of |sebum |is |minimal
- |Eccrine |glands |are |functional |but |immature
Cardiovascular |differences |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-At |birth |the |right |& |left |ventricles |are |
essentially |the |same |in |size |& |wall |thickness
During |the |1st |month |of |life |Right |Ventricle |dominant
4-6 |months |Left |Ventricle |dominant
• |By |four |weeks |the |LV |weighs |more |than |the |RV |(2 |months |twice |the |weight)
• |Cardiac |muscle |fibres |increase |over |childhood
• |Cardiac |Output |is |related |to |Heart |Rate |not |only |Stroke |Volume
• |Blood |pressure |rises
• |Total |blood |volume |70-80mls/kg
Respiratory |system |differences |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Trachea |is |short |and |soft
Large |tongue
,Airway |resistance |is |high
Epiglottis |is |horseshoe |shaped, |posterior |at |45 |degree |angle
Infants |<6 |months |- |obligate |nasal |breathers
Rely |on |diaphragm
Compliant |chest |wall
Outward |recoil |of |the |thorax |is |very |low
5 |yrs |to |puberty |lung |weight |increases |three |fold
Lung |and |alveolar |growth |and |size |and |maturation |of |tissues |by |8 |yrs
Why |is |fluid |homeostasis |important? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Newborn |70 |- |80 |% |Water
Full |term |infants |have |a |large |% |of |TBW |(total |body |water) |& |Extra |Cellular |Fluid
TBW |decreases |with |age |mainly |as |a |result |of |loss |of |water |in |ECF |fluid
Fluid |turnover |is |7 |times |greater |than |that |of |an |adult
Altered |fluid |balance |can |have |catastrophic |consequences
Organ |perfusion |and |metabolism |count |on |adequate |hydration
Infants |and |children |are |at |a |much |higher |risk |for |developing |rapid |dehydration
Childhood |Immunisations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-diphtheria
tetanus
pertussis |(whooping |cough)
poliomyelitis |(polio)
measles
mumps
rubella
haemophilus |influenzae |type |b |infections |HIB
HPV
, Hepatitis
Herpes |Zoster
Answering |Concerns |about |vaccinations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Listen, |most |questions |
answered |by |nurses, |access |information |sites
Don't |push
Keep |up |to |date
Anticipated |reactions
- |Links |to |Autism, |asthma
- |Developmental |delays
- |Unanticipated |adverse |reactions
Maslow's |Hierarchy |of |Needs |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-(level |1) |Physiological |Needs, |(level |2) |
Safety |and |Security, |(level |3) |Relationships, |Love |and |Affection, |(level |4) |Self |Esteem, |(level |5) |
Self |Actualization
What |do |children |need |for |health |development?
Common |age |groups |terminology |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Neonate: |0-4weeks
Infancy |: |0-1year
Toddler |: |1-3 |years
Early |childhood: |1-5 |years
Pre-schooler |: |4-6 |years
School-aged |: |6-11 |years
Childhood |: |5-13 |years
Adolescence |(varies) |: |12-19 |years |of |age
What |is |the |full |gestational |age? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-40 |weeks
