BIO 321 EXAM 1 REVIEW; QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS; ALREADY
GRADED A; 2026
"Toxic black mold" - correct answer- Immune suppression,
rash, headache, fatigue, sore throat, pulmonary hemorrhage (in
infants)
-Still not well researched
4 major inhaled mycotoxins - correct answer- Are all condial
-Most common is Cladosporium - mostly outdoors
-Penicillium and Aspergillus - often high concentrations inside
-Stachybotrys - most media attention over past 4 years
-"Toxic black mold"
Aflatoxin B1 - correct answer- most important, highly
carcinogenic, widespread occurrence in foods
Aflatoxins - correct answer- -name comes from A
(Aspergillus) - fla (flavus) - toxin, four primary aflatoxin
compounds (but as many as 14)
,-produced by 3 species of Aspergillus: A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A.
nomius, also carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic
Aflatoxins Impact - correct answer- Africa, Central/South
America, Mexico - corn is a primary food staple which exposes
people to higher than standard levels of Aflatoxins
-In the US, most corn is fed to animals so exposure is not as
much of a problem
---->But cows and goats fed grains with aflatoxins then produce
milk with aflatoxins
---->Limits exist for livestock feed but they are not as low as for
direct consumption
---->2013 eastern european large scale milk contamination
Aflatoxins in Corn - correct answer- Contamination occurs
both in field before harvest and during storage
-Emphasis is placed on preventing A. flavus infections by
developing disease resistant varieties and also insect control to
prevent initial infections at wound sites
Agaricus bisporus (Basidiomycota) - correct answer- Most
widely cultivated edible mushroom
-Young = white/button
,---.Colorless mutant of wild type brown mushroom
-Varieties with brown coloring = baby bellas, etc.
-Mature mushroom with an expanded cap = portabella
-Fairly easy to grow, depends on temperature, humidity, light
and substrate
Anamorph - correct answer- asexual portion
Apothecium Ascocarp - correct answer- open and cup
shaped
Arbuscules - correct answer- a branched treelike organ, in
mycorrhizal fungi
Are Ascomycota (Dikarya) Septate or Aseptate? - correct
answer- Septate
Are Basidiomycota (Dikarya) Septate or Aseptate? - correct
answer- Septate
Are Chytridiomycota Septate or Aseptate? - correct answer-
Aseptate
, -thallus
Are Ingested Mycotoxins Septate or Aseptate? - correct
answer- Septate
Are Inhaled Mycotoxins Septate or Aseptate? - correct answer-
Septate
Are Mycoses Septate or Aseptate? - correct answer- Septate
Are Zygomycota septate or aseptate? - correct answer-
Aseptate
Are Zygomycota- Entomophthromycotina Septate or Aseptate?
- correct answer- Aseptate
Are Zygomycota: Kickxellomycotina Septate or Aseptate? -
correct answer- Aseptate
Ascocarp - correct answer- formed by the ascus, a tightly
interwoven hyphae that makes up the fruiting body
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS; ALREADY
GRADED A; 2026
"Toxic black mold" - correct answer- Immune suppression,
rash, headache, fatigue, sore throat, pulmonary hemorrhage (in
infants)
-Still not well researched
4 major inhaled mycotoxins - correct answer- Are all condial
-Most common is Cladosporium - mostly outdoors
-Penicillium and Aspergillus - often high concentrations inside
-Stachybotrys - most media attention over past 4 years
-"Toxic black mold"
Aflatoxin B1 - correct answer- most important, highly
carcinogenic, widespread occurrence in foods
Aflatoxins - correct answer- -name comes from A
(Aspergillus) - fla (flavus) - toxin, four primary aflatoxin
compounds (but as many as 14)
,-produced by 3 species of Aspergillus: A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A.
nomius, also carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic
Aflatoxins Impact - correct answer- Africa, Central/South
America, Mexico - corn is a primary food staple which exposes
people to higher than standard levels of Aflatoxins
-In the US, most corn is fed to animals so exposure is not as
much of a problem
---->But cows and goats fed grains with aflatoxins then produce
milk with aflatoxins
---->Limits exist for livestock feed but they are not as low as for
direct consumption
---->2013 eastern european large scale milk contamination
Aflatoxins in Corn - correct answer- Contamination occurs
both in field before harvest and during storage
-Emphasis is placed on preventing A. flavus infections by
developing disease resistant varieties and also insect control to
prevent initial infections at wound sites
Agaricus bisporus (Basidiomycota) - correct answer- Most
widely cultivated edible mushroom
-Young = white/button
,---.Colorless mutant of wild type brown mushroom
-Varieties with brown coloring = baby bellas, etc.
-Mature mushroom with an expanded cap = portabella
-Fairly easy to grow, depends on temperature, humidity, light
and substrate
Anamorph - correct answer- asexual portion
Apothecium Ascocarp - correct answer- open and cup
shaped
Arbuscules - correct answer- a branched treelike organ, in
mycorrhizal fungi
Are Ascomycota (Dikarya) Septate or Aseptate? - correct
answer- Septate
Are Basidiomycota (Dikarya) Septate or Aseptate? - correct
answer- Septate
Are Chytridiomycota Septate or Aseptate? - correct answer-
Aseptate
, -thallus
Are Ingested Mycotoxins Septate or Aseptate? - correct
answer- Septate
Are Inhaled Mycotoxins Septate or Aseptate? - correct answer-
Septate
Are Mycoses Septate or Aseptate? - correct answer- Septate
Are Zygomycota septate or aseptate? - correct answer-
Aseptate
Are Zygomycota- Entomophthromycotina Septate or Aseptate?
- correct answer- Aseptate
Are Zygomycota: Kickxellomycotina Septate or Aseptate? -
correct answer- Aseptate
Ascocarp - correct answer- formed by the ascus, a tightly
interwoven hyphae that makes up the fruiting body
