BIOL351 / BIOL 351 Module 3
(Latest Update )
Pharmacology | Questions &
Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct -
Portage Learning
Cardiology & Nephrology
Question:
define coronary artery disease (CAD)
Answer:
one of the abnormal conditions that can affect the arteries of the heart and
produce various pathologic effects especially a reduced supply of oxygen and
nutrients to the heart
Question:
define ischemia
Answer:
when there is damage to the tissues or cells because of lack of oxygen delivery
,Question:
define myocardial infarction
Answer:
occurs when blood flow to the heart is completely blocked causing part of the
heart muscle to receive no oxygen
Question:
briefly describe the mechanism of action of nitrates in treating angina
Answer:
they work by relaxing the vascular smooth muscle. This happens when the
nitrate ions are converted to nitric oxide, which is a potent vasodilator. The
vasodilation leads to a decrease in blood volume returned to the heart which
reduced the workload of the heart. Meaning that less oxygen is required by
the heart leading to a relief from the pain.
Question:
define ejection fraction
Answer:
the proportion of blood that is ejected during contraction of the heart
compared with the total volume of blood within the ventricle of the heart
,Question:
define left ventricular end diastolic volume
Answer:
the total amount of blood in the ventricle right before is contracts (also
known as the preload)
Question:
explain the basic difference between NYHA functional classes and
ACCF/AHA stages of HF
Answer:
the NYHA classes focus on the symptomatic status of the disease. the
ACCF/AHA stages focus more on the progression of the disease
Question:
explain how beta blockers work in CHF
Answer:
In CHF the heart is trying to meet the demands of the body patients are often
tachycardia. Despite working so hard, the heart is unable to meet the
demands of the body and beating faster is just making it worse. So, when they
take a beta blocker, that slows the heart rate, it actually allows the heart to fill
and function more efficiently.
, Question:
explain how ACE inhibitors / ARBs work in CHF
Answer:
Work in CHF by preventing sodium and water reabsorbing into the body they
decrease blood volume and blood return to the heart. This decreased the
preload and work load required of the heart.
Question:
describe digoxin current place in treating heart failure
Answer:
The drugs of choice to treat CHF include ACE-inhibitors and ARBs, certain
Beta Blockers, and diuretics. As the heart failure worsens aldosterone
inhibitors are added. Only after this point is digoxin added. It has not been
shown to reduce mortality and so because of that and the risk of toxicity and
drug interactions it has fallen out of favor.
Question:
list signs of digoxin toxicity
Answer:
low HR, headache, dizziness, confusion, nausea, visual disturbances
(Latest Update )
Pharmacology | Questions &
Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct -
Portage Learning
Cardiology & Nephrology
Question:
define coronary artery disease (CAD)
Answer:
one of the abnormal conditions that can affect the arteries of the heart and
produce various pathologic effects especially a reduced supply of oxygen and
nutrients to the heart
Question:
define ischemia
Answer:
when there is damage to the tissues or cells because of lack of oxygen delivery
,Question:
define myocardial infarction
Answer:
occurs when blood flow to the heart is completely blocked causing part of the
heart muscle to receive no oxygen
Question:
briefly describe the mechanism of action of nitrates in treating angina
Answer:
they work by relaxing the vascular smooth muscle. This happens when the
nitrate ions are converted to nitric oxide, which is a potent vasodilator. The
vasodilation leads to a decrease in blood volume returned to the heart which
reduced the workload of the heart. Meaning that less oxygen is required by
the heart leading to a relief from the pain.
Question:
define ejection fraction
Answer:
the proportion of blood that is ejected during contraction of the heart
compared with the total volume of blood within the ventricle of the heart
,Question:
define left ventricular end diastolic volume
Answer:
the total amount of blood in the ventricle right before is contracts (also
known as the preload)
Question:
explain the basic difference between NYHA functional classes and
ACCF/AHA stages of HF
Answer:
the NYHA classes focus on the symptomatic status of the disease. the
ACCF/AHA stages focus more on the progression of the disease
Question:
explain how beta blockers work in CHF
Answer:
In CHF the heart is trying to meet the demands of the body patients are often
tachycardia. Despite working so hard, the heart is unable to meet the
demands of the body and beating faster is just making it worse. So, when they
take a beta blocker, that slows the heart rate, it actually allows the heart to fill
and function more efficiently.
, Question:
explain how ACE inhibitors / ARBs work in CHF
Answer:
Work in CHF by preventing sodium and water reabsorbing into the body they
decrease blood volume and blood return to the heart. This decreased the
preload and work load required of the heart.
Question:
describe digoxin current place in treating heart failure
Answer:
The drugs of choice to treat CHF include ACE-inhibitors and ARBs, certain
Beta Blockers, and diuretics. As the heart failure worsens aldosterone
inhibitors are added. Only after this point is digoxin added. It has not been
shown to reduce mortality and so because of that and the risk of toxicity and
drug interactions it has fallen out of favor.
Question:
list signs of digoxin toxicity
Answer:
low HR, headache, dizziness, confusion, nausea, visual disturbances
