WLU KP322 Chapter 5 – Connect Learning Exam | Questions and Answers latest 2026.

Chapter 5 – Connect Learning 1. Match the fields of study with their descriptions a. Endocrinology – it refers to the study of hormones and their effects on the body b. Neuroendocrinology – it is a branch of physiology dedicated to the systematic study of control system 2. Unlike the endocrine system, nerves use ______ to relay messages from one nerve to another. a. hormones b. cortisols c. leukotrienes d. neurotransmitters 3. The effect of a hormone on a tissue is directly related to the ___ a. hormone concentration in the plasma b. mode of transport of the hormone c. function of the target issue d. rate of blood supply to the target tissue 4. Which of the following conditions increases insulin secretion from the pancreas? a. Decrease in blood pressure b. Elevation of plasma glucose and amino acids c. Decrease in levels of omega-3 fatty acids d. Elevation of epinephrine and norepinephrine 5. Inactivation of hormones can take place in the _____, the major site for hormone metabolism a. Liver b. Ileum c. Duodenum d. Pancreas 6. A _____ is a chemical substance that is synthesized and released by an endocrine gland and transported to a target organ via blood a. Hormone 7. A hormone must be in the ______ form in order to interact with the receptor and exert its effect on a cell. a. lipid-bound b. protein-bound c. free d. inhibited8. Identify a hormone that is transported bound to a plasma protein a. thyroxine b. erythropoietin c. calcitonin d. gastrin 9. The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that it releases ______ into the blood to circulate to tissues. a. histamines b. hormones c. coagulation factors d. enzymes 10. The maximal quantity of a hormone that can be bound to the transport protein is known as ______ a. Specificity b. Affinity c. Avidity d. Capacity 11. The effect a hormone exerts on a tissue is independent of the number of active receptors to which it can bind. a. True b. False 12. Chronic exposure of a tissue to a low concentration of a hormone may lead to ______ of receptors, where the tissue becomes very responsive to the available hormone. a. Down-regulation b. Up-regulation c. Endocytosis d. Disaggregation 13. ____ are a group of hormones secreted by endocrine cells in the GI tract when food is being ingested. They anticipate and augment the insulin response due to the rising blood glucose or amino acid levels. a. Incretins 14. A condition where the concentration of a hormone is so high that all available receptors are bound to the hormone and any additional increase in hormone will have no additional effect is known as ______. a. Antagonism b. Saturation c. Synergism d. Permissiveness15. The ____ can metabolize a variety of hormones or excrete them in their free (active) form. a. Spleen b. Colon c. Lungs d. Kidneys 16. The steroid-receptor complex enters the ______ and binds to hormone-responsive elements which contain the instruction codes for protein synthesis. a. perinuclear space b. nucleolus c. cytoplasm d. nucleus 17. Many hormones exert their effects by binding to a receptor on the cell surface and activating a ______ located in the membrane of a cell. a. G protein b. Cytokine c. C-reactive protein d. NADH reductase 18. An increase in the capacity or affinity of the transport protein would increase the amount of free hormone and its effect on the tissue. a. True b. False 19. Which of the following enzymes does the G protein activate for the formation of cyclic AMP during hormone signalling? a. Adenylate cyclase b. MAP kinase c. Guanylyl cyclase d. Tyrosine phosphatase 20. When a tissue is exposed to a chronically elevated level of a hormone, the receptors undergo ______, resulting in a diminished hormonal response for a given concentration. a. down-regulation b. up-regulation c. exocytosis d. disaggregation21. Identify the enzyme that inactivates and converts cyclic AMP to 5' AMP. a. Threonine kinase b. Dehydrogenase c. Phosphodiesterase d. Phosphorylase 22. As receptors are specific to a particular hormone, any chemical similar in ______ will compete for the limited receptor sites on the target tissue. a. bond length b. size c. charge d. shape 23. Identify a product of phospholipase C activity. a. NADPH and free fatty acids b. Adenine monophosphate (AMP) and phosphatidic acid c. 5' AMP and glycerol d. Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol 24. The specific messenger RNA (mRNA) that is synthesized from the DNA carries the code to the ______ where the specific protein is synthesized. a. centrosome b. cytoplasm c. lysosome d. nucleoplasm 25. Which of the following are second messengers? (More than one option may be correct.) a. Ca++ b. Cyclic AMP c. Diacylglycerol d. GH e. Acetylcholine 26. The G protein that acts as a link between the hormone-receptor interaction on the membrane surface and subsequent events inside the cell may open an ion channel to allow ______ to enter the cell. a. Mg++ b. Ca++ c. Cld. I27. Insulin binds to a ______ kinase receptor's alpha subunits, which reside outside the cell, in order to bring about its effects in a cell. a. Tyrosine b. Serine c. Threonine d. Histidine 28. Identify the substrate for the formation of cyclic AMP a. ATP b. AMP c. GTP d. GDP 29. The adrenal cortex is known to secrete _____ a. Protein hormones b. Amine hormones c. Peptide hormones d. Steroid hormones 30. Factors such as ______ interfere with phosphodiesterase activity and increase the effect of the hormone by allowing cyclic AMP to exert its effect for a longer period. a. Caffeine b. Insulin c. Omega-3 fatty acid d. ATP 31. When a G protein activates a membrane-bound enzyme called ______, phosphatidylinositol is hydrolyzed into two intracellular molecules. a. phosphodiesterase b. protein kinase A c. phosphorylase d. phospholipase C 32. Epinephrine and norepinephrine do not respond to strong emotional stimuli a. True b. False 33. After the activation of phospholipase C, the calcium that is released binds to and activates a protein called ______, which alters cellular activity in a manner similar to cyclic AMP. a. Myosinb. Cytochrome c c. Dynein d. Calmodulin 34. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors are _____ a. Beta and gamma b. Gamma and delta c. Alpha and beta d. Alpha and delta 35. The binding of insulin to its receptor on the cell membrane causes the beta subunits located inside the cell to undergo ______. This, in turn, activates insulin-response proteins resulting in the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane. a. Phosphorylation b. Hydrolysis c. Dehydrogenation d. Dephosphorylation 36. The different receptors for the adrenal medulla hormones cause changes in the cell's activity by increasing or decreasing the ______ concentrations. a. Cyclic AMP b. GTP c. K+ d. Cyclic GMP 37. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamines secreted by the ______. a. Pineal gland b. Anterior pituitary c. Thyroid gland d. Adrenal medulla 38. Identify the mechanisms through which cortisol contributes to the maintenance of plasma glucose during long-term fasting and exercise. (More than one option may be correct.) a. Inhibiting the breakdown of tissue protein and preventing the formation of amino acids b. Stimulating liver enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway leading to glucose synthesis c. Stimulating the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue d. Facilitating the entry of glucose into tissues and preventing those tissues from using fatty acids as fuel39. Hormones are released from groups of cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas called ______. a. Sertoli cells b. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle c. the islets of Langerhans d. Leydig cells 40. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are involved in the ______. a. Maintenance of blood pressure and plasma glucose concentration b. Release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas c. Stimulation of red blood cell development in the bone marrow d. Modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons 41. Insulin is secreted from the ____ of the islets of Langerhans a. Alpha cells b. Epsilon cells c. Delta cells d. Beta cells 42. Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to ______ receptors a. Cholinergic b. Guanylate cyclase c. Tyrosine kinase d. Adrenergic 43. Glucagon is secreted by the ____ cells in the islets of Langerhans a. Delta b. Epsilon c. Alpha d. Beta 44. The response generated in the target tissue by epinephrine and norepinephrine, both in size and direction, is chiefly dependent on ______. a. The dissociation constant of the receptor complex b. Insulin levels c. The type of receptor d. Plasma glucose levels 45. Identify a function of glucagon. a. It prevents the mobilization of free fatty acids from the adipose tissue. b. It activates the complement system. c. It stimulates glycogenolysis. d. It inhibits gluconeogenesis.46. Cortisol promotes the breakdown of tissue protein to form ______, which are used by the liver to synthesize new glucose. a. Glycerol b. Free fatty acids c. Amino acids d. Atrial natriuretic hormones 47. Match the hormones with their descriptions a. Testosterone – it is a sex steroid secreted by the testes b. Estrogen – it is a sex steroid secreted by the ovaries 48. The ______ secretions of the pancreas include digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are secreted into ducts leading to the small intestine. a. Exocrine b. Endocrine c. Autocrine d. Paracrine 49. During strenuous exercise, there is an obligatory demand for ______ oxidation that must be met in order to generate energy. a. Fatty acid b. Protein c. Cholesterol d. Carbohydrate 50. Identify insulin's best-known function. a. Active diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane b. Stimulation of gastric activity c. Facilitated diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane d. Initiation of smooth muscle contractions 51. At the onset of most types of exercise and for the entire duration of a very strenuous exercise, muscle ______ is the primary carbohydrate fuel for muscular work. a. Levulose b. Pectin c. Glycogen d. Trehalose 52. Glucagon is secreted by the ______ cells in the islets of Langerhans. a. Delta b. Beta c. Epsilon d. Alpha53. Propranolol is a drug that blocks ______. a. α1- and α2- adrenergic receptors b. Phosphodiesterase activity c. β1- and β2- adrenergic receptors d. Kinase activity 54. Along with cortisol, glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver. a. True b. False 55. In the absence of cyclic AMP, when a muscle cell is stimulated to contract during exercise, ______, which is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, floods the cell. a. Ca++ b. Na++ c. Mg++ d. K+ 56. Identify true statements about testosterone and estrogen. (More than one option may be correct.) a. They are primary sex steroids important in establishing and maintaining reproductive function. b. They determine the secondary sex characteristics traditionally associated with masculinity and femininity. c. Testosterone and estrogen are secreted by the ovaries and the testes, respectively. d. Chronic exercise can increase testosterone levels in males and estrogen levels in females. 57. Because fuel substrate control is so biologically important, it is often regulated by ______. a. Oxidation b. Redundant mechanisms c. Gluconeogenesis d. A single mechanism 58. In the context of the processes through which the plasma glucose concentration is maintained in the body, identify the substrates for gluconeogenesis in the liver. a. Amino acids, lactate, and glycerol b. Calcium (Ca++) and calmodulin c. Mevalonic acid and lanosterold. UDP-glucose and hexokinase 59. The intensity of exercise is directly related to the duration of exercise. a. True b. False 60. Thyroid hormones are important in establishing the overall ______. a. Circadian rhythm b. Metabolic rate c. Pulse rate d. Electrolyte balance 61. Propranolol blocks glycogenolysis by inhibiting ______ formation. a. ADP b. Cyclic GMP c. ATP d. Cyclic AMP 62. During exercise, there is an increase in free T3 due to Blank______. a. Increased secretion of the thyroid-releasing hormone b. Changes in the binding characteristics of the transport protein c. Decrease in the level of the thyroid-stimulating hormone d. Overstimulation of the thyroid gland 63. Ca++ ions bind to calmodulin, which, in turn, activates protein ______ needed for stimulating glycogenolysis. a. Oxidases b. Hydrolases c. Kinases d. Lyases 64. Identify the functions of cortisol. (More than one option may be correct.) a. It inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to prevent glycogenolysis. b. It mobilizes tissue protein to yield amino acids for glucose synthesis. c. It increases the rate of glucose utilization by cells.d. It stimulates FFA mobilization from the adipose tissue. 65. Identify the true statements about growth hormone. (More than one option may be correct.) a. It plays a minor role in the synthesis of tissue protein. b. It decreases glucose uptake by tissue. c. It is a very fast-responding hormone. d. It enhances gluconeogenesis in the liver. 66. Which of the following processes help maintain the plasma glucose concentration in the human body? (More than one option may be correct.) a. Blocking glucose entry into cells to force the cell to use fat as a fuel, and thus sparing plasma glucose b. Mobilizing existing glucose from liver glycogen stores to maintain the plasma glucose level c. Preventing the synthesis of new glucose in the liver to have glycerol available as needed d. Inhibiting plasma FFA transport from adipose tissue to increase the use of both fat and plasma glucose as fuels 67. The primary catecholamine responsible for the mobilization of glucose from the liver and FFA from the adipose tissue is ______. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Epinephrine d. Serotonin 68. Thyroid hormones allow other hormones to exert their full effect by ______. a. Influencing the number of receptors on the target cell surface b. Increasing ATP synthesis c. Altering the structural conformation of other hormones d. Stimulating adenylate cyclase activity 69. Identify the hormone that seems to be more responsive than others to changes in plasma glucose concentrations. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Epinephrined. Aldosterone 70. T3 and T4 are removed from the plasma by tissues during exercise at a slower rate than at rest. a. True b. False 71. ______ causes a very rapid decrease in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to a fixed exercise bout. a. Strength exercises b. Endurance training c. Anaerobic exercises d. Balance training 72. The primary glucocorticoid in humans is ____ a. Cortisone b. Aldosterone c. Dexamethasone d. Cortisol 73. Elevated ______ drives the uptake and storage of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to lower their levels in the plasma. a. Relaxin b. Insulin c. Vasopressin d. Glucagon 74. Growth hormone plays a major role in the synthesis of tissue ______ a. Protein b. Carbohydrate c. Fat d. Nucleic acid 75. If exercise were associated with an increase in insulin, the plasma glucose would be taken into the tissues at a faster rate, leading to an immediate ______. a. hyperkalemia b. hypoglycemia c. hyponatremia d. hyperglycemia 76. Which of the following is a function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?a. Preventing the mobilization of glucose from the liver b. Decreasing gluconeogenesis in the liver c. Inhibiting the mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue d. Interfering with the uptake of glucose by tissues 77. Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate β-adrenergic receptors on the alpha cells to increase _____ secretion when plasma glucose concentration is normal. a. thyroxine b. dopamine c. glucagon d. insulin 78. A low plasma glucose concentration is known to stimulate a receptor in the ______, which causes an increase in epinephrine secretion. a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. medulla d. pons 79. As the muscle is using glucose at a higher rate during exercise, a gradient for its ______ diffusion is created. a. reverse b. active c. anisotropic d. facilitated 80. Despite the effects of endurance training, the plasma glucose concentration is maintained because there is ______ at the same fixed workload. a. a reduction in glucose uptake by muscle b. an increase in glycogen debranching enzyme activity c. an increase in gluconeogenesis in the liver d. a reduction in glycogen synthesis in the muscle 81. Identify a condition that brings about the same effect as exercise with regard to recruiting glucose transporters for muscle glucose uptake. a. Hyperoxia b. Edema c. Hypoxia d. Embolism 82. Identify the true statements about the hormones glucagon and insulin. (More than one option may be correct.) a. They are often referred to as counter-regulatory hormones.b. They exert opposite physiologic actions relative to the mobilization of liver glucose and adipose tissue FFA. c. They are viewed as primary catecholamines in the mobilization of glucose from the liver and FFA from adipose tissue. d. They are produced by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. 83. Glucose transporters in a contracting muscle are also regulated by factors other than changes in calcium ion concentration, such as protein kinase C and nitric oxide. a. True b. False 84. It is seen that _____ concentration decreases during exercise of increasing intensity. a. insulin b. glucagon c. triiodothyronine d. epinephrine 85. The hormone sensitive ______ that is involved in triglyceride breakdown to FFA is under strong hormonal control at higher work rates leading to the trapping of FFA in the adipose cell. a. ligase b. phosphorylase c. lipase d. isomerase 86. ______ are known to stimulate α-adrenergic receptors on the beta cells of the pancreas to decrease insulin secretion. a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine b. Estradiol and estrone c. Serotonin and acetylcholine d. Calcitonin and endothelin 87. Elevated blood lactate has been linked to an increase in _____, a substrate required for triglyceride synthesis. This results in a reduced availability of plasma FFA. a. isocitrate b. alpha-glycerol phosphate c. succinic acid d. alpha-ketoglutarate 88. Glucose delivery is the product of muscle blood flow and the ______. a. stroke volume b. blood glucose concentration c. plasma volume d. number of glucose transporters 89. Exercise and ______ do not produce additive effects on glucose transporter relocation to the muscle cell surface. a. pyrexia b. hypoxiac. hyperoxia d. asphyxia 90. The high intramuscular ______ concentration that exists during exercise appears to recruit inactive glucose transporters so that more glucose is transported for the same insulin concentration. a. Fb. Clc. Mg++ d. Ca++ 91. Free fatty acids could be trapped in the adipose cell as a result of rising blood ______ concentrations. a. lactate b. stearate c. myristate d. palmitate 92. High lactate levels have been associated with an elevated ______ concentration which, in turn, can inhibit hormone sensitive lipase. As a result, FFA are not released from the adipose cell. a. H+ b. Clc. K+ d. I- 93. Identify a condition that brings about the same effect as exercise with regard to recruiting glucose transporters for muscle glucose uptake. a. Edema b. Embolism c. Hyperoxia d. Hypoxia