COMPREHENSIVE ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY, AND PHARMACOLOGY
EXAM 1 & 2 200 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Pharmacology EXAM 1
QUESTIONDrug Resources - answer1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
QUESTIONWhat is a receptor? 5 components - answer1. some component on or inside
a cell that substances can bind
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both autonomic ganglion
and skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes on area)
QUESTIONTypes of Receptors - answer1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
,-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
QUESTIONWhy have receptors on the cell surface? - answerMajority of hormones are
not have able to cross the membrane through diffusion, so they have to bind to a
receptor on the surface to get into the cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need receptors
to bring them into the cell.
Pharmacology - answerthe study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
QUESTIONwhat is a drug - answerany chemical that changes the processes of living
QUESTIONDrug Nomenclature - answerChemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol
(development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only 1 generic
name. They all have the same suffix.
,Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
QUESTIONReceptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors. - answer1. Receptors are linked to ion
channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex: acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the
cell by initiating opening of ion channels when it binds)
2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on surface and
causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell. *Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
QUESTIONSecond Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps - answer1. hormone binds to the specific receptor (1st
messenger) *The receptor must be COUPLED to the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane until it
encounters an enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
, QUESTIONSecond messenger system
Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3 system) Steps - answer1. hormone binds to receptor
2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme phospholipase C
5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG and IP3)
6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 -->16
QUESTIONIntracellular Receptors (2)
LIPID SOLUBLE substances - answer1. Cytosolic (cytoplasm) ex: thyroid hormone
2. Nuclear (goes into nucleus)
QUESTIONEfficacy
Intrinsic Activity ~ efficacy - answerE: Does the drug to what it was intended.
Effectiveness of the drug.
*more important than potency
IA: More effective response even by stimulating it just a little bit.
QUESTIONPotency
Tolerance
PHYSIOLOGY, AND PHARMACOLOGY
EXAM 1 & 2 200 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Pharmacology EXAM 1
QUESTIONDrug Resources - answer1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
QUESTIONWhat is a receptor? 5 components - answer1. some component on or inside
a cell that substances can bind
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both autonomic ganglion
and skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes on area)
QUESTIONTypes of Receptors - answer1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
,-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
QUESTIONWhy have receptors on the cell surface? - answerMajority of hormones are
not have able to cross the membrane through diffusion, so they have to bind to a
receptor on the surface to get into the cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need receptors
to bring them into the cell.
Pharmacology - answerthe study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
QUESTIONwhat is a drug - answerany chemical that changes the processes of living
QUESTIONDrug Nomenclature - answerChemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol
(development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only 1 generic
name. They all have the same suffix.
,Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
QUESTIONReceptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors. - answer1. Receptors are linked to ion
channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex: acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the
cell by initiating opening of ion channels when it binds)
2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on surface and
causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell. *Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
QUESTIONSecond Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps - answer1. hormone binds to the specific receptor (1st
messenger) *The receptor must be COUPLED to the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane until it
encounters an enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
, QUESTIONSecond messenger system
Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3 system) Steps - answer1. hormone binds to receptor
2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme phospholipase C
5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG and IP3)
6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 -->16
QUESTIONIntracellular Receptors (2)
LIPID SOLUBLE substances - answer1. Cytosolic (cytoplasm) ex: thyroid hormone
2. Nuclear (goes into nucleus)
QUESTIONEfficacy
Intrinsic Activity ~ efficacy - answerE: Does the drug to what it was intended.
Effectiveness of the drug.
*more important than potency
IA: More effective response even by stimulating it just a little bit.
QUESTIONPotency
Tolerance
