SANS 410 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Industrial Control System (ICS) - ans-
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A device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs, or regulates the beha
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
vior of other devices or systems.
sw sw sw sw sw
ICS technology drivers - ans-Reliability, efficiency, safety, and ease of use.
sw sw sw swsw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Discrete Process - ans-
sw sw swsw
A process where a specified quantity of material moves as a unit between workstati
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ons and each unit maintains it's unique identity.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Batch Process - ans-
sw sw swsw
A process that requires the mixing of raw materials, usually in a heated vessel.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Continuous Process - ans- sw sw swsw
A physical system that is represented through variables that are smooth an uninterru
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
pted in time.
sw sw
Hybrid Process - ans-
sw sw swsw
reactive systems that intermix discrete and continuous processes
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Process Engineer - ans-
sw sw swsw
Designs the systems and processes used in the control environment.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Field Technician - ans-Maintains and repairs field devices
sw sw swsw sw sw sw sw
Programmer - ans- sw swsw
Implements the individual steps of the process code and deploys the code to the co
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ntrollers.
Operator - ans- sw swsw
Works in the operations center remotely managing and controlling the process
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
,Owner/Operators - ans- sw swsw
Purchases and uses the system. responsible for safe operation and meeting regulati
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ons.
Vendors - ans-Manufacture equipment and software
sw swsw sw sw sw
Integrator - ans-Design, configure, test, train, and refresh systems.
sw swsw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Government - ans-Implement guidance and regulation
sw swsw sw sw sw
programmable logic controller (PLC) - ans-Computer based, solid-
sw sw sw sw swsw sw sw
state devices that control industrial equipment and processes.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Remote terminal unit (RTU) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
Is installed to report local system information and otherwise communicate with the u
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
pstream supervisory system. Connection typically made using RS-232 or RS-485
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
Used in the power industry primarily, and have limited function, but contain their ow
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
n control logic and are usually micro-controller based.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Digital Protective Relay (DPR) - ans-Contains a micro-
sw sw sw sw swsw sw sw
controller with the specific purpose of measuring voltages and currents to determinin
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
g whether a fault in the system exists.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
Measure voltages and currents at principle intersecting locations on a power grid an
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
d can output accurately timestamped voltage and current phasors.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Communication Gateway - ans- sw sw swsw
Facilitates data acquitting, storage, transmission and protocol conversion though the
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
industrial data network. Widely used to apply timestamp data to logs for locally conn
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ected RTUs sw
Communication Modules - ans- sw sw swsw
Connect FEP into networks of intelligent electronic devices (IED) such as modbus or
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
PROFIBUS.
sw
Real Time Operating System (RTOS) - ans-
sw sw sw sw sw swsw
Runs on an embedded device and is specialized in running programs with specific s
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
cheduling paradigm. sw
Microkernels - ans-Responsible for Inter- sw swsw sw sw
process Communication (IPC), virtual memory, and scheduling.
sw sw sw sw sw sw
, Ladder Diagram (Ladder logic) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
Relay logic displays and drawings and was written to be understood by technicians.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Operates on rules rather than producers or functions.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Each pass over is called a scan, and it occurs many times per second.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Function Block Diagram (FBD) - ans- sw sw sw sw swsw
Uses a series of blocks with a purpose and inputs and outputs strung together. The
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
order by which the blocks executes depends on the Vendor.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Structured Text (ST) - ans- sw sw sw swsw
A Series of instructions to include statements implemented by a vendors use of an
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
editor, such as programming languages like C.
sw sw sw sw sw sw
Instruction List(IL) - ans- sw sw swsw
Similar to assembly language, this is a very low level language that executes quickly
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
and takes up less space.
sw sw sw sw sw
Sequential Function Chart (SFC) - ans- sw sw sw sw swsw
Steps from top to bottom of instructions, executing commands and transitions wait fo
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
r conditions to be true to move forward.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Cyber Impact (PLC) - ans-sw sw sw swsw
Can include disruption to communications to the device, changing configuration for a
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ccessing the device, modifying applications, and manipulating firmware.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Control Loop Theory - ans- sw sw sw swsw
Used for calculating and controlling an environment or process based on feedback.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
PID Controller Theory - ans-Used to determine how to respond to the error.
sw sw sw swsw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Proportional Term - ans- sw sw swsw
Part of PID Controller Theory, where a response proportional to the current error val
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ue is applied.
sw sw
Integral Term - ans- sw sw swsw
Part of PID Controller Theory, where duration of an error and not just how far off it i
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
s, is used to determine response.
sw sw sw sw sw
Derivative Term - ans- sw sw swsw
Part of PID Controller Theory, where slope of Error over time multiplied by the deriv
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ative gain is used to slow the rate of change of output to reduce overshoot.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Fuzzy Logic - ans- sw sw swsw
Taking logic statements and distilling them down in order to control machinery.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
CORRECT ANSWERS
Industrial Control System (ICS) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
A device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs, or regulates the beha
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
vior of other devices or systems.
sw sw sw sw sw
ICS technology drivers - ans-Reliability, efficiency, safety, and ease of use.
sw sw sw swsw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Discrete Process - ans-
sw sw swsw
A process where a specified quantity of material moves as a unit between workstati
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ons and each unit maintains it's unique identity.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Batch Process - ans-
sw sw swsw
A process that requires the mixing of raw materials, usually in a heated vessel.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Continuous Process - ans- sw sw swsw
A physical system that is represented through variables that are smooth an uninterru
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
pted in time.
sw sw
Hybrid Process - ans-
sw sw swsw
reactive systems that intermix discrete and continuous processes
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Process Engineer - ans-
sw sw swsw
Designs the systems and processes used in the control environment.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Field Technician - ans-Maintains and repairs field devices
sw sw swsw sw sw sw sw
Programmer - ans- sw swsw
Implements the individual steps of the process code and deploys the code to the co
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ntrollers.
Operator - ans- sw swsw
Works in the operations center remotely managing and controlling the process
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
,Owner/Operators - ans- sw swsw
Purchases and uses the system. responsible for safe operation and meeting regulati
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ons.
Vendors - ans-Manufacture equipment and software
sw swsw sw sw sw
Integrator - ans-Design, configure, test, train, and refresh systems.
sw swsw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Government - ans-Implement guidance and regulation
sw swsw sw sw sw
programmable logic controller (PLC) - ans-Computer based, solid-
sw sw sw sw swsw sw sw
state devices that control industrial equipment and processes.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Remote terminal unit (RTU) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
Is installed to report local system information and otherwise communicate with the u
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
pstream supervisory system. Connection typically made using RS-232 or RS-485
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
Used in the power industry primarily, and have limited function, but contain their ow
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
n control logic and are usually micro-controller based.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Digital Protective Relay (DPR) - ans-Contains a micro-
sw sw sw sw swsw sw sw
controller with the specific purpose of measuring voltages and currents to determinin
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
g whether a fault in the system exists.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
Measure voltages and currents at principle intersecting locations on a power grid an
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
d can output accurately timestamped voltage and current phasors.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Communication Gateway - ans- sw sw swsw
Facilitates data acquitting, storage, transmission and protocol conversion though the
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
industrial data network. Widely used to apply timestamp data to logs for locally conn
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ected RTUs sw
Communication Modules - ans- sw sw swsw
Connect FEP into networks of intelligent electronic devices (IED) such as modbus or
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
PROFIBUS.
sw
Real Time Operating System (RTOS) - ans-
sw sw sw sw sw swsw
Runs on an embedded device and is specialized in running programs with specific s
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
cheduling paradigm. sw
Microkernels - ans-Responsible for Inter- sw swsw sw sw
process Communication (IPC), virtual memory, and scheduling.
sw sw sw sw sw sw
, Ladder Diagram (Ladder logic) - ans-
sw sw sw sw swsw
Relay logic displays and drawings and was written to be understood by technicians.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Operates on rules rather than producers or functions.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Each pass over is called a scan, and it occurs many times per second.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Function Block Diagram (FBD) - ans- sw sw sw sw swsw
Uses a series of blocks with a purpose and inputs and outputs strung together. The
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
order by which the blocks executes depends on the Vendor.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Structured Text (ST) - ans- sw sw sw swsw
A Series of instructions to include statements implemented by a vendors use of an
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
editor, such as programming languages like C.
sw sw sw sw sw sw
Instruction List(IL) - ans- sw sw swsw
Similar to assembly language, this is a very low level language that executes quickly
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
and takes up less space.
sw sw sw sw sw
Sequential Function Chart (SFC) - ans- sw sw sw sw swsw
Steps from top to bottom of instructions, executing commands and transitions wait fo
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
r conditions to be true to move forward.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Cyber Impact (PLC) - ans-sw sw sw swsw
Can include disruption to communications to the device, changing configuration for a
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ccessing the device, modifying applications, and manipulating firmware.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Control Loop Theory - ans- sw sw sw swsw
Used for calculating and controlling an environment or process based on feedback.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
PID Controller Theory - ans-Used to determine how to respond to the error.
sw sw sw swsw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Proportional Term - ans- sw sw swsw
Part of PID Controller Theory, where a response proportional to the current error val
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ue is applied.
sw sw
Integral Term - ans- sw sw swsw
Part of PID Controller Theory, where duration of an error and not just how far off it i
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
s, is used to determine response.
sw sw sw sw sw
Derivative Term - ans- sw sw swsw
Part of PID Controller Theory, where slope of Error over time multiplied by the deriv
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
ative gain is used to slow the rate of change of output to reduce overshoot.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
Fuzzy Logic - ans- sw sw swsw
Taking logic statements and distilling them down in order to control machinery.
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
