1.learning: a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior
due to expe- rience
2.associative learning: learning that certain events occur together; the
events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response
and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
3.classical conditioning: a type of learning in which one learns to link
two or more stimuli and anticipate events
4.behaviorism: the view that psychology (1) should be an objectiv
science that
(2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most
research psychol- ogists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
5.unconditioned response (UR): in classical conditioning, the unlearned,
natural- ly occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such
as salivation when food is in the mouth
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, 6.unconditioned stimulus (US): in classical conditioning, a stimulus that
uncondi- tionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response
7.conditioned response (CR): in classical conditioning, the learned
response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
8.conditioned stimulus (CS): in classical conditioning, an originally
irrelevant stim- ulus that, after association with an unconditioned
stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response
9.acquisition: in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral
stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in operant
conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
10.higher-order conditioning: a procedure in which the conditioned
stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral
stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
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