BIO 102 Final Exam Questions and Verified
Answers | Latest Update (Graded A+) - Portage
Learning
What are major plant nutrients and why do plants need them? - ANSWER -
Nitrogen
- Protein, nucleic
acids, chlorophyll
Potassium
- Enzyme function
Magnesium
- Chlorophyll,
enzyme function
Phosphorus
- Lipids, nucleic
acid, ATP
Sulfur
- Protein, 2
vitamins
Symbiotic relationships with root nodule bacteria and mycorrhizae - ANSWER --
Mycorrhizae (fungi) : provide sugar. The plant gets surface area.
- Rootnodules (bacteria): provide sugar and protection. The plant gets nitrogen that
helps it grow.
Phenotypic plasticity - what is it, why is it an important term for discussing plant
physiology? Provide an example of phenotypic plasticity in either roots or leaves -
,ANSWER -- Genotypes produce different phenotypes in response to different
environmental conditions.
- Ex: Freshwater snails (Physa virgata), provide an example of when phenotypic
plasticity can be either adaptive or maladaptive. In the presence of a predator,
bluegill sunfish, these snails make their shell shape more rotund and reduce
growth. This makes them more crush-resistant and better protected from predation.
what is the Casparian Strip? How does it direct water in roots - ANSWER -
Casparian strip A band of waterproof, corky tissue that is found on the side and
walls of the endodermis of roots. The strip prevents water from entering the
pericycle except through the cytoplasm of endodermal cells; this may be important
in producing root pressure.
Xylem and how water gets from roots to leaves / transpiration - ANSWER --
Transpiration: evaporation of water across shoot
- Water moves (osmosis) from high to low concentration
- Puts xylem cells in tension - from leaves to stems to roots
- Water molecules hold together with hydrogen bonding, cohesion - pulled through
xylem upward from roots, no energy
Differences between carbon fixation pathways of C3,C4,CAM plants (generally) -
ANSWER -C3 photosynthesis produces a three-carbon compound via the Calvin
cycle while C4 photosynthesis makes an intermediate four-carbon compound that
splits into a three-carbon compound for the Calvin cycle. Plants that use CAM
photosynthesis gather sunlight during the day and fix carbon dioxide molecules at
night
Phloem - what is it and how are products of photosynthesis distributed throughout
the plant - ANSWER -• Living cells that distribute carbohydrates
(primarily sucrose)
,• Leaves use some carbs - rest is
transported to stems, roots, fruits
• Carbohydrates converted to fats, proteins
If all of the saprophytic fungi in an ecosystem died, which of the following would
be a likely short term result? - ANSWER -Less carbon dioxide would be released
into the atmosphere because dead plant material would not be decomposed
**They are the primary decomposers of dead plant material in the soil - releasing
CO2
Refer to the figure. Which of the following forms a monophyletic group? -
ANSWER -E, F, and G
**E,F, and G are all descended from a single common ancestor - the definition of
monophyly
Which of the following species would you NOT classify as an animal? -
ANSWER -Choanoflagellates
**Choanoflagellates are the closest protist relative to animals, but are not classified
as animals.
Which of the following is true of sponges? - ANSWER -Their larvae are mobile,
and move via the motion of cilia
**Sponges lack true tissues, have no nervous system, and exhibit no symmetry as
adults. They do, however, have motile (swimming) larvae that move via cilia.
Which of the following statements are correct for BOTH animals and fungi?
(select all that apply) - ANSWER -- Are heterotrophs
- Reproduce sexually
, Which of the following does NOT apply to cnidarians? - ANSWER -Have a
central nervous system
If a symbiotic relationship between a fungi and its host plant is said to be
commensal, what does this mean? - ANSWER -the fungi benefits, but the plant is
unaffected
What is the definition of a pathogen. How is it used in the context of the system
you read about? - ANSWER -A pathogen is a tiny, biological organism that causes
ailments within a host. As mentioned in chapter 29, fungi, widely known as single-
celled eukaryotes, are capable of reducing the robustness of their host and
presumingly act as parasites. This is caused when fungi consume the nutrients
needed without availing their host. Fungi, additionally, has parasitic effects on
humans. Diseases such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and pneumonia are among the
many consequences of parasitic fungi. In the case of plants, the chestnut and elm
trees are the ones profoundly effected by fungi diseases. As it is recorded, the
disease has "killed 4 billion American chestnut trees and tens of millions of
American elm trees" (Freeman 608). In many ways, it is rapidly contributing to
these extreme losses of plants.
What is the definition of symbiosis? How is it used in the context of the system
you read about? - ANSWER -Symbiosis can be a mutual, parasitic, and
commensalistic relationship between two distinct organisms over a long time. As
mentioned in chapter 29, fungi can develop mutual bonds, described as
Mycorrhizae, with organisms such as land plants. As mentioned, fungi are housed
within the shoots of land plants and help provide water and nutrients necessary for
growth and development. The fungi, additionally, provide plants with protection
against herbivores, through the means of toxic compounds, and help many insects
digest plant material. The fungi, as a result, receive carbohydrates and the means to
obtain their food. The video on the relationship between fungi and plants explained
how the tropical panic grass appeared to survive the extreme temperatures when it
held a mutual connection with Curvularia protuberata fungi. This, as a result,
shows how fungi are essential to maintain order within the earth.
Answers | Latest Update (Graded A+) - Portage
Learning
What are major plant nutrients and why do plants need them? - ANSWER -
Nitrogen
- Protein, nucleic
acids, chlorophyll
Potassium
- Enzyme function
Magnesium
- Chlorophyll,
enzyme function
Phosphorus
- Lipids, nucleic
acid, ATP
Sulfur
- Protein, 2
vitamins
Symbiotic relationships with root nodule bacteria and mycorrhizae - ANSWER --
Mycorrhizae (fungi) : provide sugar. The plant gets surface area.
- Rootnodules (bacteria): provide sugar and protection. The plant gets nitrogen that
helps it grow.
Phenotypic plasticity - what is it, why is it an important term for discussing plant
physiology? Provide an example of phenotypic plasticity in either roots or leaves -
,ANSWER -- Genotypes produce different phenotypes in response to different
environmental conditions.
- Ex: Freshwater snails (Physa virgata), provide an example of when phenotypic
plasticity can be either adaptive or maladaptive. In the presence of a predator,
bluegill sunfish, these snails make their shell shape more rotund and reduce
growth. This makes them more crush-resistant and better protected from predation.
what is the Casparian Strip? How does it direct water in roots - ANSWER -
Casparian strip A band of waterproof, corky tissue that is found on the side and
walls of the endodermis of roots. The strip prevents water from entering the
pericycle except through the cytoplasm of endodermal cells; this may be important
in producing root pressure.
Xylem and how water gets from roots to leaves / transpiration - ANSWER --
Transpiration: evaporation of water across shoot
- Water moves (osmosis) from high to low concentration
- Puts xylem cells in tension - from leaves to stems to roots
- Water molecules hold together with hydrogen bonding, cohesion - pulled through
xylem upward from roots, no energy
Differences between carbon fixation pathways of C3,C4,CAM plants (generally) -
ANSWER -C3 photosynthesis produces a three-carbon compound via the Calvin
cycle while C4 photosynthesis makes an intermediate four-carbon compound that
splits into a three-carbon compound for the Calvin cycle. Plants that use CAM
photosynthesis gather sunlight during the day and fix carbon dioxide molecules at
night
Phloem - what is it and how are products of photosynthesis distributed throughout
the plant - ANSWER -• Living cells that distribute carbohydrates
(primarily sucrose)
,• Leaves use some carbs - rest is
transported to stems, roots, fruits
• Carbohydrates converted to fats, proteins
If all of the saprophytic fungi in an ecosystem died, which of the following would
be a likely short term result? - ANSWER -Less carbon dioxide would be released
into the atmosphere because dead plant material would not be decomposed
**They are the primary decomposers of dead plant material in the soil - releasing
CO2
Refer to the figure. Which of the following forms a monophyletic group? -
ANSWER -E, F, and G
**E,F, and G are all descended from a single common ancestor - the definition of
monophyly
Which of the following species would you NOT classify as an animal? -
ANSWER -Choanoflagellates
**Choanoflagellates are the closest protist relative to animals, but are not classified
as animals.
Which of the following is true of sponges? - ANSWER -Their larvae are mobile,
and move via the motion of cilia
**Sponges lack true tissues, have no nervous system, and exhibit no symmetry as
adults. They do, however, have motile (swimming) larvae that move via cilia.
Which of the following statements are correct for BOTH animals and fungi?
(select all that apply) - ANSWER -- Are heterotrophs
- Reproduce sexually
, Which of the following does NOT apply to cnidarians? - ANSWER -Have a
central nervous system
If a symbiotic relationship between a fungi and its host plant is said to be
commensal, what does this mean? - ANSWER -the fungi benefits, but the plant is
unaffected
What is the definition of a pathogen. How is it used in the context of the system
you read about? - ANSWER -A pathogen is a tiny, biological organism that causes
ailments within a host. As mentioned in chapter 29, fungi, widely known as single-
celled eukaryotes, are capable of reducing the robustness of their host and
presumingly act as parasites. This is caused when fungi consume the nutrients
needed without availing their host. Fungi, additionally, has parasitic effects on
humans. Diseases such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and pneumonia are among the
many consequences of parasitic fungi. In the case of plants, the chestnut and elm
trees are the ones profoundly effected by fungi diseases. As it is recorded, the
disease has "killed 4 billion American chestnut trees and tens of millions of
American elm trees" (Freeman 608). In many ways, it is rapidly contributing to
these extreme losses of plants.
What is the definition of symbiosis? How is it used in the context of the system
you read about? - ANSWER -Symbiosis can be a mutual, parasitic, and
commensalistic relationship between two distinct organisms over a long time. As
mentioned in chapter 29, fungi can develop mutual bonds, described as
Mycorrhizae, with organisms such as land plants. As mentioned, fungi are housed
within the shoots of land plants and help provide water and nutrients necessary for
growth and development. The fungi, additionally, provide plants with protection
against herbivores, through the means of toxic compounds, and help many insects
digest plant material. The fungi, as a result, receive carbohydrates and the means to
obtain their food. The video on the relationship between fungi and plants explained
how the tropical panic grass appeared to survive the extreme temperatures when it
held a mutual connection with Curvularia protuberata fungi. This, as a result,
shows how fungi are essential to maintain order within the earth.
