NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - correct answers ✔✔ -Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
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peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
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The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Pyruvate -->
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lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
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2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
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3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
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triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
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, 4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
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lipogenesis
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What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct answers ✔✔ -Heart disease, Alzheimers,
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Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF,
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OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
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destruction, damage mitochondria
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What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct answers ✔✔ -Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C,
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cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
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How are free radicals produced? - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Normal cellular respiration
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2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
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3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
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4. Transition of metals
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5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
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action potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
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neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
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Threshold potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate
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an action potential
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Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100).
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Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia,
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cardiac dysrhythmias
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Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to
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0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
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When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
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paralysis
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Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Increased permeability to Na+. More
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excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
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Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
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excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
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Atrophy - correct answers ✔✔ -Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
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nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
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