COMSAE level 2 111 with 100- correct
answer
prevalence vs incidence
Prevalence - number of cases at a particular time
Incidence - number of new cases
odds ratio vs relative risk
odds ratio: for case control studies control for disease and examine
exposure
odds dz+ in exposed group/odds dz+ in unexposed
(a/b)/(c/d)
ratio is not a fraction! so the bottom number is not the total its the
unaffected
relative risk: for cohort studies that control for exposures and examine
who got the disease
prob getting dz exposed/prob getting dz unexposed
a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)
When is an odds ratio used
case-control studies
When is a relative risk ratio used?
RCT or Cohort study
Delayed puberty in girls
Absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 13
failure of menarche by 16
when is esophageal manometry used
Diagnose motility disorders like achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm and
prior to surgery for reflux disease
damage to what lobe causes agraphesthesia
parietal side is determined which side
, independent practice association
physician maintain individual or group practice but contract with HMO
with a fee
hmo
A group plan offering prepaid medical care to its members
Psittacosis
zoonotic respiratory fungal infection of birds; AKA parrot fever
tx w/ doxycycline
What cranial technique helps restore function to CN VII and VIII?
temporal rocking
metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease and risk
factors
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
RF: cardiometabolic including Central obesity, prediabetes or T2DM, HTN
>130/85 or taking antihypertensives, triglyceridemia, low HDL, or taking
lipid lowering agent
typically mor ALT than AST
hip click in 6 week old. Next step?
US of hip
observer bias
when results are affected by the investigators awareness of the exposure
status
ex: PI knows which pts in ICU are on new regimen
What limits generalizability
selection bias
selection bias
certain individuals are more likely to be selected for a study making it
nonrandon
postmenopausal women endometrial stripe thickness
answer
prevalence vs incidence
Prevalence - number of cases at a particular time
Incidence - number of new cases
odds ratio vs relative risk
odds ratio: for case control studies control for disease and examine
exposure
odds dz+ in exposed group/odds dz+ in unexposed
(a/b)/(c/d)
ratio is not a fraction! so the bottom number is not the total its the
unaffected
relative risk: for cohort studies that control for exposures and examine
who got the disease
prob getting dz exposed/prob getting dz unexposed
a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)
When is an odds ratio used
case-control studies
When is a relative risk ratio used?
RCT or Cohort study
Delayed puberty in girls
Absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 13
failure of menarche by 16
when is esophageal manometry used
Diagnose motility disorders like achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm and
prior to surgery for reflux disease
damage to what lobe causes agraphesthesia
parietal side is determined which side
, independent practice association
physician maintain individual or group practice but contract with HMO
with a fee
hmo
A group plan offering prepaid medical care to its members
Psittacosis
zoonotic respiratory fungal infection of birds; AKA parrot fever
tx w/ doxycycline
What cranial technique helps restore function to CN VII and VIII?
temporal rocking
metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease and risk
factors
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
RF: cardiometabolic including Central obesity, prediabetes or T2DM, HTN
>130/85 or taking antihypertensives, triglyceridemia, low HDL, or taking
lipid lowering agent
typically mor ALT than AST
hip click in 6 week old. Next step?
US of hip
observer bias
when results are affected by the investigators awareness of the exposure
status
ex: PI knows which pts in ICU are on new regimen
What limits generalizability
selection bias
selection bias
certain individuals are more likely to be selected for a study making it
nonrandon
postmenopausal women endometrial stripe thickness
