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NBEO - Part 1 General Pharmacology
NBEO Part 1 2026/ 2027 Newest Actual
Exam With Complete Expert Approved
Questions And Correct Detailed Answers
(Expertly Verified Answers) For Guaranteed
Pass |Already Graded A+|Brand New!!!
A 32-year old female is seen at your office complaining of a recent onset
of blurred vision, only at a distance. A thorough case history reveals that
she recently began taking a new medication which you correctly assume
has induced myopia. Which of the following medications is MOST
likely to be the culprit?
----Solution----Isotretinoin, birth control pills, and diuretics, among
many other drugs, can cause myopia in some patients. Myopia mostly
likely results from corneal swelling, which steepens the curvature of the
cornea. Drugs that cause swelling of the lens, accommodative spasm, or
edema of the ciliary body will also result in myopia. A reduction in the
dose of the medication or cessation of the offending drug will usually
result in reversal of nearsightedness. Fish oil, Tylenol, and Tums have
not been shown to have a correlation with transient myopia
development.
An increased rate of molecular movement down its respective
concentration gradient via help from carrier proteins refers to which type
of transportation?
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----Solution----Facilitated diffusion is described as the net movement of
molecules down its concentration gradient whose rate of diffusion is
increased via the use of carrier proteins. Passive diffusion refers to the
movement of molecules through a plasma membrane from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of
carrier molecules. Active transport implies the movement of material
against its respective concentration gradient. This type of transport
requires energy and enlists the use of specific carrier proteins. Lastly,
group translocation is defined as the chemical modification of a
molecule while it is being transported into a cell; for example, sugars are
often phosphorylated during transportation.
A 24-year old female patient presents at your office complaining of side
effects that began when she started using Patanol to treat her ocular
allergies. She reports complete compliance with her eye drop
administration. Which of the following symptoms is MOST likely
associated with olopatadine (Patanol) use?
----Solution----Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers such as
Patanol (olopatadine) are commonly prescribed to relieve the symptoms
associated with ocular allergies. They are a very effective class of
medication due to their dual action mechanisms. Topical antihistamines
that possess this dual action are olopatadine (Patanol), ketotifen
fumarate (Zaditor), azelastine (Optivar), and epinastine (Elestat). The
aforementioned drops serve to alleviate itching and redness by blocking
H1 receptors as well as inhibiting mast cell and basophil degranulation.
Side effects of topical antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers include stinging
upon instillation, headaches, and adverse taste (don't forget to inform
your patients about punctual occlusion!). Tachycardia, depression,
gastrointestinal discomfort, and visual hallucinations have not been
reported with Patanol use.
,3 | Page
A 63-year old female is seen at your office with a chief concern of
blurry vision in the morning that takes about an hour to resolve before
she can see clearly again. Biomicroscopy reveals endothelial guttata.
You correctly diagnose her with moderate Fuch's dystrophy. Which
ophthalmic drop would be of MOST benefit to her?
----Solution----Sodium chloride is a topical hyperosmotic agent used to
relieve stromal edema caused by endothelial decompensation. Topical
steroids work well to decrease swelling caused by inflammation. In the
above case, the corneal edema is not mitigated by an inflammatory
response. Tobramycin and Vigamox would be of no benefit since there
is no active infection, and prescribing either of these would only lead to
corneal toxicity or increased pathogen resistance over time.
A deficiency of which vitamin leads to prolonged dark adaptation?
----Solution----A deficiency of vitamin A causes prolonged dark
adaptation. Vitamin A is classified as a retinoid, and its active form is
retinol. Retinol is necessary for the formation of rhodopsin, a pigment
used by rods. Rods are most active in situations with dim illumination.
Less rhodopsin results in fewer rods being able to respond in low levels
of light, causing prolonged dark adaption.
+1.50-1.50 x 090 is required to neutralize a reflex in retinoscopy with a
working distance of 50 cm. What is the resulting NET retinoscopy
finding?
----Solution----A working distance of 50 cm creates a divergent wave of
2.00 D that is neutralized by retinoscopy in addition to the patient's
refractive error. Therefore, + 2.00 D must be subtracted from the
spherical portion of the findings. To determine how much to subtract
from the gross findings, one must first calculate the reciprocal of the
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working distance in meters. In our case, 1/0.5 = 2. Therefore +1.50 (the
spherical gross findings) -2 = -0.50-1.50 x 090. Remember NET is the
final result, this is found after the working distance has been accounted
for by subtracting the working distance from the spherical portion of the
findings.
A ray of light traveling in water (n=1.33) strikes a flat, transparent
surface (n= 1.59) at an angle of 32 degrees from the normal. What is the
angle of refraction?
----Solution----Snell's law of refraction states that when light travels
through a material that possesses an index of refraction greater than 1.0,
the light rays change direction and become bent (or refracted). Snell's
law is depicted as the following: n sin i= n' sin i' where n= the index of
refraction of the first medium, i= the angle of incidence, n'= the index of
the second medium, and i' = the angle of the refracted ray. All angles are
measured with respect to the normal, which lies perpendicular to the
interface between the different media. For the above example, 1.33(sin
32)=1.59 sin i', solving for i'= 26.31 degrees. It is important to commit
the index of refraction of water to memory; it is 1.33.
A central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) causes tremendous damage to
the retina. How will the electroretinogram (ERG) of a person who has
suffered a CRAO be affected?
----Solution----A central retinal artery occlusion will cause a loss of the
b-wave which is formed by responses from the bipolar and Muller cells,
both of which are nourished by the central retinal artery. The a-wave
results from excitation of the photoreceptors. The a-wave will not be lost
in the event of a CRAO due to the fact that photoreceptors receive their
oxygen supply via the choroid.
NBEO - Part 1 General Pharmacology
NBEO Part 1 2026/ 2027 Newest Actual
Exam With Complete Expert Approved
Questions And Correct Detailed Answers
(Expertly Verified Answers) For Guaranteed
Pass |Already Graded A+|Brand New!!!
A 32-year old female is seen at your office complaining of a recent onset
of blurred vision, only at a distance. A thorough case history reveals that
she recently began taking a new medication which you correctly assume
has induced myopia. Which of the following medications is MOST
likely to be the culprit?
----Solution----Isotretinoin, birth control pills, and diuretics, among
many other drugs, can cause myopia in some patients. Myopia mostly
likely results from corneal swelling, which steepens the curvature of the
cornea. Drugs that cause swelling of the lens, accommodative spasm, or
edema of the ciliary body will also result in myopia. A reduction in the
dose of the medication or cessation of the offending drug will usually
result in reversal of nearsightedness. Fish oil, Tylenol, and Tums have
not been shown to have a correlation with transient myopia
development.
An increased rate of molecular movement down its respective
concentration gradient via help from carrier proteins refers to which type
of transportation?
,2 | Page
----Solution----Facilitated diffusion is described as the net movement of
molecules down its concentration gradient whose rate of diffusion is
increased via the use of carrier proteins. Passive diffusion refers to the
movement of molecules through a plasma membrane from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of
carrier molecules. Active transport implies the movement of material
against its respective concentration gradient. This type of transport
requires energy and enlists the use of specific carrier proteins. Lastly,
group translocation is defined as the chemical modification of a
molecule while it is being transported into a cell; for example, sugars are
often phosphorylated during transportation.
A 24-year old female patient presents at your office complaining of side
effects that began when she started using Patanol to treat her ocular
allergies. She reports complete compliance with her eye drop
administration. Which of the following symptoms is MOST likely
associated with olopatadine (Patanol) use?
----Solution----Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers such as
Patanol (olopatadine) are commonly prescribed to relieve the symptoms
associated with ocular allergies. They are a very effective class of
medication due to their dual action mechanisms. Topical antihistamines
that possess this dual action are olopatadine (Patanol), ketotifen
fumarate (Zaditor), azelastine (Optivar), and epinastine (Elestat). The
aforementioned drops serve to alleviate itching and redness by blocking
H1 receptors as well as inhibiting mast cell and basophil degranulation.
Side effects of topical antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers include stinging
upon instillation, headaches, and adverse taste (don't forget to inform
your patients about punctual occlusion!). Tachycardia, depression,
gastrointestinal discomfort, and visual hallucinations have not been
reported with Patanol use.
,3 | Page
A 63-year old female is seen at your office with a chief concern of
blurry vision in the morning that takes about an hour to resolve before
she can see clearly again. Biomicroscopy reveals endothelial guttata.
You correctly diagnose her with moderate Fuch's dystrophy. Which
ophthalmic drop would be of MOST benefit to her?
----Solution----Sodium chloride is a topical hyperosmotic agent used to
relieve stromal edema caused by endothelial decompensation. Topical
steroids work well to decrease swelling caused by inflammation. In the
above case, the corneal edema is not mitigated by an inflammatory
response. Tobramycin and Vigamox would be of no benefit since there
is no active infection, and prescribing either of these would only lead to
corneal toxicity or increased pathogen resistance over time.
A deficiency of which vitamin leads to prolonged dark adaptation?
----Solution----A deficiency of vitamin A causes prolonged dark
adaptation. Vitamin A is classified as a retinoid, and its active form is
retinol. Retinol is necessary for the formation of rhodopsin, a pigment
used by rods. Rods are most active in situations with dim illumination.
Less rhodopsin results in fewer rods being able to respond in low levels
of light, causing prolonged dark adaption.
+1.50-1.50 x 090 is required to neutralize a reflex in retinoscopy with a
working distance of 50 cm. What is the resulting NET retinoscopy
finding?
----Solution----A working distance of 50 cm creates a divergent wave of
2.00 D that is neutralized by retinoscopy in addition to the patient's
refractive error. Therefore, + 2.00 D must be subtracted from the
spherical portion of the findings. To determine how much to subtract
from the gross findings, one must first calculate the reciprocal of the
, 4 | Page
working distance in meters. In our case, 1/0.5 = 2. Therefore +1.50 (the
spherical gross findings) -2 = -0.50-1.50 x 090. Remember NET is the
final result, this is found after the working distance has been accounted
for by subtracting the working distance from the spherical portion of the
findings.
A ray of light traveling in water (n=1.33) strikes a flat, transparent
surface (n= 1.59) at an angle of 32 degrees from the normal. What is the
angle of refraction?
----Solution----Snell's law of refraction states that when light travels
through a material that possesses an index of refraction greater than 1.0,
the light rays change direction and become bent (or refracted). Snell's
law is depicted as the following: n sin i= n' sin i' where n= the index of
refraction of the first medium, i= the angle of incidence, n'= the index of
the second medium, and i' = the angle of the refracted ray. All angles are
measured with respect to the normal, which lies perpendicular to the
interface between the different media. For the above example, 1.33(sin
32)=1.59 sin i', solving for i'= 26.31 degrees. It is important to commit
the index of refraction of water to memory; it is 1.33.
A central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) causes tremendous damage to
the retina. How will the electroretinogram (ERG) of a person who has
suffered a CRAO be affected?
----Solution----A central retinal artery occlusion will cause a loss of the
b-wave which is formed by responses from the bipolar and Muller cells,
both of which are nourished by the central retinal artery. The a-wave
results from excitation of the photoreceptors. The a-wave will not be lost
in the event of a CRAO due to the fact that photoreceptors receive their
oxygen supply via the choroid.
