The difference in IgA concentration between
morning and afternoon session.
Name:
ID:
Tutorial group 12
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML)
Maastricht University
Course BBS2001
Practical training session:
20th September, 2022
, Introduction
Most infections that infiltrate the human body are targeted by the host immune
system immediately after entry and, in most cases, throughout the disease’s
progression (1). Microorganisms that are breathed, ingested, or occupy our skin and
mucosa are constantly present. The pathogenicity of the host defense mechanisms
determines if these microorganisms penetrate and cause an infection (2). The body’s
original line of defense against pathogens entering the body is the innate immune
system. It is also termed to as the ‘non-specific’ immune system since it reacts
uniformly to all pathogens and foreign agents (3). To try to reduce the potential harm
a microbe can cause to the human body, the immune system cooperates in a variety
of ways and through a variety of different route mechanisms (4). Because of the
various functions and roles immunological molecules could possibly be involved in
the immune system response as a whole, research on the individual processes and
reactions is difficult. Many distinct receptors, cytokines, chemokines and second
messengers appear to be involved in various stages and routes of this process. Our
present understanding of these mechanisms is far from comprehensive (5,6) IgA is
an example of a final product of these pathways that is formed following T-cell
mediated B-cell isotype switching and can have a variety of effector activities (7). IgA
is the most common antibody class found on mucosal membranes. IgA synthesis
exceeds that of all the other antibodies united, indicating its importance in host-
pathogen defense. IgA is a contentious molecular class; each kind of IgA has distinct
activities and sites (8,9) IgA also has two subclasses: IgA1 and IgA2. Their signaling
characteristics and binding are unique. While IgA2 is thought to have a function in the
attraction of macrophages and neutrophils to the location of infection, IgA1 appears
to play a less important part in that recruitment (10). IgA research might help to
advance therapy for those with IgA deficiency or explain misconceptions, Insufficient
IgA levels may make a person more sensitive and, in some circumstances, unable to
combat specific infections, which is why it is critical to understand what unhealthy and
normal quantities of IgA are, as well as what characteristics, such as age and gender
might make a person more prone to an IgA deficit (12,13,14). The purpose of this
study is to identify and evaluate IgA concentrations in saliva samples from Maastricht
University students as well as levels in a mystery saliva sample. Another objective of
this study is to look at the effects of morning and afternoon in the concentrations of
IgA in the saliva of Maastricht University students. My hypothesis is that there will be
3
morning and afternoon session.
Name:
ID:
Tutorial group 12
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML)
Maastricht University
Course BBS2001
Practical training session:
20th September, 2022
, Introduction
Most infections that infiltrate the human body are targeted by the host immune
system immediately after entry and, in most cases, throughout the disease’s
progression (1). Microorganisms that are breathed, ingested, or occupy our skin and
mucosa are constantly present. The pathogenicity of the host defense mechanisms
determines if these microorganisms penetrate and cause an infection (2). The body’s
original line of defense against pathogens entering the body is the innate immune
system. It is also termed to as the ‘non-specific’ immune system since it reacts
uniformly to all pathogens and foreign agents (3). To try to reduce the potential harm
a microbe can cause to the human body, the immune system cooperates in a variety
of ways and through a variety of different route mechanisms (4). Because of the
various functions and roles immunological molecules could possibly be involved in
the immune system response as a whole, research on the individual processes and
reactions is difficult. Many distinct receptors, cytokines, chemokines and second
messengers appear to be involved in various stages and routes of this process. Our
present understanding of these mechanisms is far from comprehensive (5,6) IgA is
an example of a final product of these pathways that is formed following T-cell
mediated B-cell isotype switching and can have a variety of effector activities (7). IgA
is the most common antibody class found on mucosal membranes. IgA synthesis
exceeds that of all the other antibodies united, indicating its importance in host-
pathogen defense. IgA is a contentious molecular class; each kind of IgA has distinct
activities and sites (8,9) IgA also has two subclasses: IgA1 and IgA2. Their signaling
characteristics and binding are unique. While IgA2 is thought to have a function in the
attraction of macrophages and neutrophils to the location of infection, IgA1 appears
to play a less important part in that recruitment (10). IgA research might help to
advance therapy for those with IgA deficiency or explain misconceptions, Insufficient
IgA levels may make a person more sensitive and, in some circumstances, unable to
combat specific infections, which is why it is critical to understand what unhealthy and
normal quantities of IgA are, as well as what characteristics, such as age and gender
might make a person more prone to an IgA deficit (12,13,14). The purpose of this
study is to identify and evaluate IgA concentrations in saliva samples from Maastricht
University students as well as levels in a mystery saliva sample. Another objective of
this study is to look at the effects of morning and afternoon in the concentrations of
IgA in the saliva of Maastricht University students. My hypothesis is that there will be
3
