Pathophysiology a Practical questions
and answers
hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Inflated immune response to a foreign substance
type I hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Immediate response
-Local or systemic
-Allergen activates IgE which binds to mast cells
-Second exposure causes antigen to bind to surface IgE, releasing mediators and
triggering the complement system
-Hay fever, food allergies, anaphylaxis
type II hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
-IgG or IgM antibodies
-Complement system destorys blood cells
-Usually an immediate response
-Blood transfusion reaction and erthroblastosis fetalis
type III hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
-Circulating antigen-antibody complexes accumulate and are deposited in tissue
-Triggers the complement system and inflammation
-Autoimmune conditions such as lupus
-Tx is disease specific
type IV hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Delayed hypersensitivy reaction
-T-cell mediated
-Tuberculin skin testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis
-Tx is disease specific
allogenic transplant - ANS>>-Donor and recipient share similar tissue types
-Unrelated or related
syngenic transplant - ANS>>-Donor and recipient are identical twins
autologous transplant - ANS>>-Donor and recipient are the same person
hyperacute tissue rejections - ANS>>-Occur immediately or up to 3 days after transplant
-Triggered by the complement system
-Tissue becomes permanently necrotic
acute tissue rejection - ANS>>-Most common tissue rejection
-Treatable
-Between 3 days and 4 months after transplant
, -CM: fever, erythema, edema, site tenderness, impaired function of transplant organ
chronic tissue rejection - ANS>>-4 months to years after the transplant
-Anti-body mediated
-Antibodies and complements deposit in vessel walls of transplanted tissue causing
ischemia
host-versus-graft rejection - ANS>>-Host fights off the grafted tissue
-Recipient's immune system attempts to eliminate the donor cells
graft-versus-host rejection - ANS>>-Graft fights the host
-Frequent, potentially fatal
-Immunocompetent graft cells recognize host tissue as foreign
-Host is usually immunocompromised and unable to fight off graft cells
-Occurs ONLY in bone marrow transplants
systemic lupus erythematosus - ANS>>-Chronic inflammatory condition
-Remission and exacerbations
-Stressors tend to trigger
-Progresses from mild to severe
-More common in women
-B cells create immune complexes that attack the body's own tissues
Criteria for Diagnosing Systemic Lupus - ANS>>1) Butterfly rash over cheeks
2) Skin rash of patchy redness with hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation that can
cause scarring
3) Photosensitivity
4) Mucous membrane ulcers
5) Arthritis
6) Pleuritis or pericarditis
7) Renal abnormalities
8) Brain irritation
9) Blood abnormalities
10) Immunologic disorder
11) Antinuclear antibody
HIV - ANS>>-Parasitic retrovirus that infects CD4 & macrophages upon entry
-Uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA and then integrates its own DNA
into that of the cell
HIV-1 - ANS>>-Most common strain of HIV in the US
HIV-2 - ANS>>-Most common HIV strain in West Africa
-Progresses to disease more slowly
AIDS (Dx) - ANS>>-HIV antibody:
and answers
hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Inflated immune response to a foreign substance
type I hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Immediate response
-Local or systemic
-Allergen activates IgE which binds to mast cells
-Second exposure causes antigen to bind to surface IgE, releasing mediators and
triggering the complement system
-Hay fever, food allergies, anaphylaxis
type II hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
-IgG or IgM antibodies
-Complement system destorys blood cells
-Usually an immediate response
-Blood transfusion reaction and erthroblastosis fetalis
type III hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
-Circulating antigen-antibody complexes accumulate and are deposited in tissue
-Triggers the complement system and inflammation
-Autoimmune conditions such as lupus
-Tx is disease specific
type IV hypersensitivity - ANS>>-Delayed hypersensitivy reaction
-T-cell mediated
-Tuberculin skin testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis
-Tx is disease specific
allogenic transplant - ANS>>-Donor and recipient share similar tissue types
-Unrelated or related
syngenic transplant - ANS>>-Donor and recipient are identical twins
autologous transplant - ANS>>-Donor and recipient are the same person
hyperacute tissue rejections - ANS>>-Occur immediately or up to 3 days after transplant
-Triggered by the complement system
-Tissue becomes permanently necrotic
acute tissue rejection - ANS>>-Most common tissue rejection
-Treatable
-Between 3 days and 4 months after transplant
, -CM: fever, erythema, edema, site tenderness, impaired function of transplant organ
chronic tissue rejection - ANS>>-4 months to years after the transplant
-Anti-body mediated
-Antibodies and complements deposit in vessel walls of transplanted tissue causing
ischemia
host-versus-graft rejection - ANS>>-Host fights off the grafted tissue
-Recipient's immune system attempts to eliminate the donor cells
graft-versus-host rejection - ANS>>-Graft fights the host
-Frequent, potentially fatal
-Immunocompetent graft cells recognize host tissue as foreign
-Host is usually immunocompromised and unable to fight off graft cells
-Occurs ONLY in bone marrow transplants
systemic lupus erythematosus - ANS>>-Chronic inflammatory condition
-Remission and exacerbations
-Stressors tend to trigger
-Progresses from mild to severe
-More common in women
-B cells create immune complexes that attack the body's own tissues
Criteria for Diagnosing Systemic Lupus - ANS>>1) Butterfly rash over cheeks
2) Skin rash of patchy redness with hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation that can
cause scarring
3) Photosensitivity
4) Mucous membrane ulcers
5) Arthritis
6) Pleuritis or pericarditis
7) Renal abnormalities
8) Brain irritation
9) Blood abnormalities
10) Immunologic disorder
11) Antinuclear antibody
HIV - ANS>>-Parasitic retrovirus that infects CD4 & macrophages upon entry
-Uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA and then integrates its own DNA
into that of the cell
HIV-1 - ANS>>-Most common strain of HIV in the US
HIV-2 - ANS>>-Most common HIV strain in West Africa
-Progresses to disease more slowly
AIDS (Dx) - ANS>>-HIV antibody:
