NU 327 EXAM 3 WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What |is |the | primary |function | of | the | lungs? | - | ANSWER | gas | exchange
is |transported |to | the | body |tissues. | - | ANSWER | Oxygen
a |waste |product, |is |transported |out |of |the |body |- |ANSWER |Carbon
dioxide
|
The | exchange | of | these | gases |(oxygen | and | carbon | dioxide) |take | place | where?
- |ANSWER |alveolar-capillary |membrane
upper |airway |structures |include |- |ANSWER |nasopharynx, |oropharynx,
laryngopharynx
|
lower |airway |structures |include |- |ANSWER |larynx, |trachea, |bronchi,
bronchipulmonary |segments, |bronchioles, |terminal |bronchioles, |acinus
|
nasal |cavity |- |ANSWER |conducts |gases |to |and |from |the |lungs, |and |filters,
warms, |and |humidifies |the |air. |rigid |box |composed |of |two-thirds |cartilage
|
and |one-third |bone, |which |prevents |collapse |during |movement |of |air.
|
vibrissae |- | ANSWER |large | hairs |of | the | nasal | cavity
cilia |- |ANSWER |sweep |foreign |particles |trapped |by |mucus |into |the
nasopharynx, |where |they |are |swallowed |or |expectorated. |They |line |the
|
trachea |and |bronchi, |defense |against |"invaders" |and |produce |cough |reflex.
|
How |is |ciliary |function |impaired? | - | ANSWER | smoking, |alcohol |ingestion,
,hypothermia, |hyperthermia, |cold |air, |low |humidity, |starvation, |anesthetics,
corticosteroids, |noxious |gases, |the |common |cold, |and |increased |mucus
|
production
|
larynx |- |ANSWER |the |transition |area |between |the |upper |and |lower |airways.
contains |epiglottis, |vocal |chords |and |cartilages.
|
300 | million | - |ANSWER | Adult | lungs |contain | how | many | alveoli?
alveoli |- |ANSWER |grapelike |clusters |of |air |filled |sacs |that |are |responsible |for
gas |exchange
|
Type | II |- | ANSWER |alveolar |cell | that |produces | surfactant
Type |I |- |ANSWER |alveolar |cell |that |lowers |surface |tension |and |facilitates |gas
exchange
|
Right |lung |- |ANSWER |consists |of |upper, |middle, |and |lower |lobes |Left
lung |- |ANSWER |consists |of |upper |and |lower |lobes
|
bronchial |artery |system |- |ANSWER |supplies |a |small |amount |of |oxygenated
blood |to |the |pleura |and |lung |tissues
|
pulmonary |artery |system |- |ANSWER |provides |a |vast |capillary |network |for |O2
and |CO2 |exchange. |Pulmonary |artery |trunk |leaves |RV |with |unoxygenated |blood
|
Pulmonary |vein |carries |oxygenated |blood |back | to |heart
T |- |ANSWER |T/F |Filtration |of |fluid |through |pulmonary |capillaries |is |influenced |by
| hydrostatic | pressure | and | colloid | osmotic | pressure | in | the | same | way | as |other
capillaries
|
T |- | ANSWER |T/F |Excessive | filtration | can |lead |to | pulmonary |edema, | which
,interferes |with | normal | gas | exchange.
Ventilation |- |ANSWER |the |process |of |moving |air |into |the |lungs |and
distributing |air |within |the |lungs |to |gas |exchange |units |(alveoli) |for
|
maintenance |of |oxygenation |and |removal |of |carbon |dioxide |(CO2)
|
Where |is |the |neural |control |of |the |respiratory |system |located? |- |ANSWER
medulla |oblongata |and |pons |(respiratory |center |of |the |brain)
|
central |chemoreceptors |- |ANSWER |within |the |medullary |center |respond |to
changes |in |CO2 |level |and |pH
|
peripheral |chemoreceptors |- |ANSWER |located |in |the |aortic |arch |and |carotid |bodies
respond |primarily |to |decreases |in |arterial |O2 |concentration
|
Hering-Breuer |reflex |- |ANSWER |involves |stretch |receptors |located |in |the
alveolar |septa, |bronchi, |and |bronchioles. |Inflation |of |the |lung |initiates |the
|
response |that |sends |neuronal |impulses |up |the |vagus |nerve |to |the |medulla |to
|
cause |inhibition |of |inspiration. |Therefore, |the |rate |and |duration |of |inspiration
|
are |affected. |This |reflex |is |primarily |seen |in |neonates |(less |so |in |adults) |and |at
|
high |tidal |volumes |(greater |than |1500 |ml) |and |prevents |overinflation |of |the |lung
|
proprioceptors |- |ANSWER |located |in |the |muscles |and |tendons |of |movable
joints |respond |to |body |movement |(exercise)
|
baroreceptors |- |ANSWER |located |in |the |aortic |arch |and |carotid |arteries
respond |to |changes |in |blood |pressure
|
perfusion |- |ANSWER | blood |flow | to |alveoli | (affected |by |gravity)
uneven | distributed | perfusion | is | due | to |what | factors | - | ANSWER | Body | position
, Exercise
Lung |zones
|
pulmonary |capillary |network |- |ANSWER |"Low |pressure" |system
Normal |pressure |22/8 |to |25/8 |mm |Hg
|
Can |expand |to |2-3 |times |its |normal |size |25%
pulmonary |capillaries |perfused |at |rest |Fluid
|
volume |within |lung
|
Fluid |shifts
Interstitial |edema
|
Alveolar |edema |- |ANSWER |factors |effecting |perfusion
Zone |1 |- |ANSWER |Minimal |perfusion
|
Zone |2 |- |ANSWER |Intermittent |perfusion
Zone |3 |- |ANSWER |Continual |perfusion
|
ventilation/perfusion |ratios |- |ANSWER |Adequate |volume |of |air |matched |with
an |adequate |blood |flow
|
What |is |normal |ventilation/perfusion? |- |ANSWER |Ventilation |(VA) |4 |L/min
alveolar |air |flow
|
Perfusion | (Q) |5 | L/min | capillary |blood |flow
What |is |normal |ratio | of |ventilation/perfusion? | - | ANSWER | 0.8
high |ventilation/perfusion |results |in |what? |- |ANSWER |Ventilated |but |not
perfused
|
CORRECT ANSWERS
What |is |the | primary |function | of | the | lungs? | - | ANSWER | gas | exchange
is |transported |to | the | body |tissues. | - | ANSWER | Oxygen
a |waste |product, |is |transported |out |of |the |body |- |ANSWER |Carbon
dioxide
|
The | exchange | of | these | gases |(oxygen | and | carbon | dioxide) |take | place | where?
- |ANSWER |alveolar-capillary |membrane
upper |airway |structures |include |- |ANSWER |nasopharynx, |oropharynx,
laryngopharynx
|
lower |airway |structures |include |- |ANSWER |larynx, |trachea, |bronchi,
bronchipulmonary |segments, |bronchioles, |terminal |bronchioles, |acinus
|
nasal |cavity |- |ANSWER |conducts |gases |to |and |from |the |lungs, |and |filters,
warms, |and |humidifies |the |air. |rigid |box |composed |of |two-thirds |cartilage
|
and |one-third |bone, |which |prevents |collapse |during |movement |of |air.
|
vibrissae |- | ANSWER |large | hairs |of | the | nasal | cavity
cilia |- |ANSWER |sweep |foreign |particles |trapped |by |mucus |into |the
nasopharynx, |where |they |are |swallowed |or |expectorated. |They |line |the
|
trachea |and |bronchi, |defense |against |"invaders" |and |produce |cough |reflex.
|
How |is |ciliary |function |impaired? | - | ANSWER | smoking, |alcohol |ingestion,
,hypothermia, |hyperthermia, |cold |air, |low |humidity, |starvation, |anesthetics,
corticosteroids, |noxious |gases, |the |common |cold, |and |increased |mucus
|
production
|
larynx |- |ANSWER |the |transition |area |between |the |upper |and |lower |airways.
contains |epiglottis, |vocal |chords |and |cartilages.
|
300 | million | - |ANSWER | Adult | lungs |contain | how | many | alveoli?
alveoli |- |ANSWER |grapelike |clusters |of |air |filled |sacs |that |are |responsible |for
gas |exchange
|
Type | II |- | ANSWER |alveolar |cell | that |produces | surfactant
Type |I |- |ANSWER |alveolar |cell |that |lowers |surface |tension |and |facilitates |gas
exchange
|
Right |lung |- |ANSWER |consists |of |upper, |middle, |and |lower |lobes |Left
lung |- |ANSWER |consists |of |upper |and |lower |lobes
|
bronchial |artery |system |- |ANSWER |supplies |a |small |amount |of |oxygenated
blood |to |the |pleura |and |lung |tissues
|
pulmonary |artery |system |- |ANSWER |provides |a |vast |capillary |network |for |O2
and |CO2 |exchange. |Pulmonary |artery |trunk |leaves |RV |with |unoxygenated |blood
|
Pulmonary |vein |carries |oxygenated |blood |back | to |heart
T |- |ANSWER |T/F |Filtration |of |fluid |through |pulmonary |capillaries |is |influenced |by
| hydrostatic | pressure | and | colloid | osmotic | pressure | in | the | same | way | as |other
capillaries
|
T |- | ANSWER |T/F |Excessive | filtration | can |lead |to | pulmonary |edema, | which
,interferes |with | normal | gas | exchange.
Ventilation |- |ANSWER |the |process |of |moving |air |into |the |lungs |and
distributing |air |within |the |lungs |to |gas |exchange |units |(alveoli) |for
|
maintenance |of |oxygenation |and |removal |of |carbon |dioxide |(CO2)
|
Where |is |the |neural |control |of |the |respiratory |system |located? |- |ANSWER
medulla |oblongata |and |pons |(respiratory |center |of |the |brain)
|
central |chemoreceptors |- |ANSWER |within |the |medullary |center |respond |to
changes |in |CO2 |level |and |pH
|
peripheral |chemoreceptors |- |ANSWER |located |in |the |aortic |arch |and |carotid |bodies
respond |primarily |to |decreases |in |arterial |O2 |concentration
|
Hering-Breuer |reflex |- |ANSWER |involves |stretch |receptors |located |in |the
alveolar |septa, |bronchi, |and |bronchioles. |Inflation |of |the |lung |initiates |the
|
response |that |sends |neuronal |impulses |up |the |vagus |nerve |to |the |medulla |to
|
cause |inhibition |of |inspiration. |Therefore, |the |rate |and |duration |of |inspiration
|
are |affected. |This |reflex |is |primarily |seen |in |neonates |(less |so |in |adults) |and |at
|
high |tidal |volumes |(greater |than |1500 |ml) |and |prevents |overinflation |of |the |lung
|
proprioceptors |- |ANSWER |located |in |the |muscles |and |tendons |of |movable
joints |respond |to |body |movement |(exercise)
|
baroreceptors |- |ANSWER |located |in |the |aortic |arch |and |carotid |arteries
respond |to |changes |in |blood |pressure
|
perfusion |- |ANSWER | blood |flow | to |alveoli | (affected |by |gravity)
uneven | distributed | perfusion | is | due | to |what | factors | - | ANSWER | Body | position
, Exercise
Lung |zones
|
pulmonary |capillary |network |- |ANSWER |"Low |pressure" |system
Normal |pressure |22/8 |to |25/8 |mm |Hg
|
Can |expand |to |2-3 |times |its |normal |size |25%
pulmonary |capillaries |perfused |at |rest |Fluid
|
volume |within |lung
|
Fluid |shifts
Interstitial |edema
|
Alveolar |edema |- |ANSWER |factors |effecting |perfusion
Zone |1 |- |ANSWER |Minimal |perfusion
|
Zone |2 |- |ANSWER |Intermittent |perfusion
Zone |3 |- |ANSWER |Continual |perfusion
|
ventilation/perfusion |ratios |- |ANSWER |Adequate |volume |of |air |matched |with
an |adequate |blood |flow
|
What |is |normal |ventilation/perfusion? |- |ANSWER |Ventilation |(VA) |4 |L/min
alveolar |air |flow
|
Perfusion | (Q) |5 | L/min | capillary |blood |flow
What |is |normal |ratio | of |ventilation/perfusion? | - | ANSWER | 0.8
high |ventilation/perfusion |results |in |what? |- |ANSWER |Ventilated |but |not
perfused
|
