ANIMAL RESPONSES
BIOLOGY
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Notes
CNS
● Brain: voluntary + involuntary responses
● Spinal cord: reflex actions
Group of neurons: nuclei
Group of axons: tracts
PNS (neurons outside CNS)
● Somatic division: voluntary movement through effectors
Axons connect cell body in CNS to skeletal muscle via neurone outside CNS
● Autonomic : involuntary responses with effectors
Preganglionic neurone in CNS connects to autonomic ganglion that’s connected to
effector by postganglionic neuron
- Sympathetic ns: fight or flight
- Parasympathetic: rest + digest
Groups of neurons: ganglia
Groups of axons: nerves
BRAIN
● Cerebrum: most of mass, controls thoughts + actions. Split into 2 hemispheres
connected by corpus callosum
, ● Frontal lobe: emotions, reasoning, problem solving + planning
● Temporal: sensory processing of hearing, memory formation, language, facial
recognition
● Occipital: visual processing
● Parietal: integrates sensory info
● Cerebellum: coordinates balance, movement + body posture (fine motor control)
● Medulla oblongata: regulate breathing, swallowing, circulation, digestion + sneezing
reflex. Connects spinal cord to higher regions
● Hypothalamus: thermoregulation, hunger, control pituitary gland, secretes ADH
Sympathetic Nervous System
fight or flight response.
➢ Preganglionic nerves release Ach at synapses
➢ Norepinephrine: btw postganglionic nerves + effectors
Binds with adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, heart, eye muscles, exocrine
glands
➢ Ach stimulates sweat glands
Inhibits peripheral vision to focus sight on potential danger
Parasympathetic System
rest and digest
➢ Pre + postganglionic neurones release Ach at synapses
➢ Ach binds with muscarinic receptors in eye muscles, bronchioles, heart, smooth
muscle in digestive tract
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Heart rate Increased decreased
Blood vessels Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
BIOLOGY
___
Notes
CNS
● Brain: voluntary + involuntary responses
● Spinal cord: reflex actions
Group of neurons: nuclei
Group of axons: tracts
PNS (neurons outside CNS)
● Somatic division: voluntary movement through effectors
Axons connect cell body in CNS to skeletal muscle via neurone outside CNS
● Autonomic : involuntary responses with effectors
Preganglionic neurone in CNS connects to autonomic ganglion that’s connected to
effector by postganglionic neuron
- Sympathetic ns: fight or flight
- Parasympathetic: rest + digest
Groups of neurons: ganglia
Groups of axons: nerves
BRAIN
● Cerebrum: most of mass, controls thoughts + actions. Split into 2 hemispheres
connected by corpus callosum
, ● Frontal lobe: emotions, reasoning, problem solving + planning
● Temporal: sensory processing of hearing, memory formation, language, facial
recognition
● Occipital: visual processing
● Parietal: integrates sensory info
● Cerebellum: coordinates balance, movement + body posture (fine motor control)
● Medulla oblongata: regulate breathing, swallowing, circulation, digestion + sneezing
reflex. Connects spinal cord to higher regions
● Hypothalamus: thermoregulation, hunger, control pituitary gland, secretes ADH
Sympathetic Nervous System
fight or flight response.
➢ Preganglionic nerves release Ach at synapses
➢ Norepinephrine: btw postganglionic nerves + effectors
Binds with adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, heart, eye muscles, exocrine
glands
➢ Ach stimulates sweat glands
Inhibits peripheral vision to focus sight on potential danger
Parasympathetic System
rest and digest
➢ Pre + postganglionic neurones release Ach at synapses
➢ Ach binds with muscarinic receptors in eye muscles, bronchioles, heart, smooth
muscle in digestive tract
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Heart rate Increased decreased
Blood vessels Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
