PRAXIS 5002 (LANGUAGE ARTS) NOTES 2023.

Phonological Awareness How sounds, syllables, words, and parts of words can be orally manipulated to break apart and make new words, and create rhymes Phonemic Awareness Understanding the individual sounds in words. The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken words Phonics Understanding the relationship between sounds and the spelling patterns (graphemes) representing those sounds Phonemes The individual sounds in words Syllables units of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word Onsets beginning consonant and consonant cluster Rimes The vowel and consonant that follow the onset Blending The ability to string together the sounds that each letter stands for in a word Segmenting Breaking a word apart Substituting Replacing one phoneme with another in a word Morphology The study of words and their forms Letter-Sound Correspondence Certain letters and combinations of letters make specific sounds. To read a word and pronounce the word correctly, the learner must be able to recognize letters and their corresponding sounds. Teaching this skill in isolation (one letter at a time) will help students become proficient Grapheme Letter or group of letters representing sound in written language Morpheme The smallest meaningful unit of language Diphthong Sound is made by combining two vowels in a single syllable Homonyms Words that sound alike but have different meanings Homophones Words that sound the same and are pronounced the same, but have different meanings and different spellings Homographs Words that are spelled the same, but have different meanings Pragmatics Concerns the way people use language socially, refers to the way language varies according to its purpose or audience, the way context contributes to the meaning of a word or sentence Syntax Structure Refers to the rules of grammar, and how the arrangement of words in a sentence can influence its meaning Hyperlexia Having an above-normal ability to read, but a much lower ability in verbal communication and social interactions Semantic Feature Analysis this strategy enhances comprehension and vocabulary skills. Using a grid, students are able to make connection, prediction, and master important details. Rhythm The sound of beat of a poem created through accented syllables Foot unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables Stanza A series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines Rhyme Scheme Pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line Couplet Successive lines of poetry that usually rhyme and make one complete thought Acrostic A line in which the first, last, or other particular letters, when taking in order, spell out a word or phrase Sight Words Common words that kids recognize instantly without sounding them out Intermediate Fluency Speak in more complete sentences Advanced Fluency Achieve cognitive language proficiency. Demonstrating near-native ability and using complete sentences Spelling Conventions the rules that English words follow High Frequency Words are also referred to as sight words. These words occur most often in grade-level texts. Some sight words do not follow English language rules and cannot be sounded out examples: want, what, said, see, by, are, why, and there Decodable Words can be sounded out and follow letter-sound correspondence and spelling conventions or rules Roots Are parts of words, without the prefix or suffix, they provide the basic meaning of the word Affixes Parts of a word added to the beginning and end of a word Structural Analysis The process of breaking words apart by prefixes, suffixes, and roots, and interpreting meaning. This helps the reader determine the pronunciation and meaning of unknown words Prefixes Additions at the beginning of root words that form a new word. The new word has a different meaning than the root word Suffixes Additions at the end of root words that form a new word. Can change the verb tense of a word. Also indicate whether the word is plural or singular Compound Words Two or more words combined to create a new word. World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA) An organization that supports multilingual students and creates standards and assessments to help with the instruction of ELLs Linguistic Complexity Is the quantity and variety of language used by ELLs at the discourse level and refers to how ELLs express their ideas and understand interactions Language Usage Refers to the type and use of structures, phrases, and words. Some features include choices of intonation to convey meaning and types of grammatical structures B.F. Skinner Provided one of the earliest explanations of language acquisition. Noam Chomsky is Known as the "father of modern linguistics". He argued that all humans share the same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of sociocultural differences. The basis for his theory of universal grammar. Syntactic Cueing System Focuses on the structure of the sentence Semantic Cueing System Focuses on the meaning derived from the text Fluency Reading without having to stop and decode (sound out) words. Prosody Reading with expression while correctly using words and punctuation Choral Reading Reading aloud in unison with a whole class or group of students. Helps build students' fluency, self-confidence, and motivation Repeated Reading Reading passages again and again, aiming to read more words correctly per minute each time Running Records Following along as a student reads, marking when he or she makes a mistake or miscues Miscue Analysis Looking over the running record, analyzing why the student miscued, and employing strategies to help the student with miscues Comprehension The essence of reading Critical Thinking When students can apply certain concepts to their reading and extract meaning from the text Metacognition thinking about thinking Cognitive Endurance The use of mental activities and skills to perform tasks such as learning, reasoning, and understanding, remembering, and paying attention helps to build this Key Details Specific pieces of information in a text The Moral A lesson that story teaches about how to behave in the world Theme The overall feeling or underlying topic of the text. What the author wants the reader to learn or know Citing Textual Evidence Using text to support answers Central Idea What the text is mostly about or what the author is trying to inform you about Story Map A graphic organizer that helps students learn the elements of a book or story by identifying characters, plot, setting, problem, and solution Venn Diagram Can help students compare and contrast ideas and characters in a text Characters Who the story is about Setting The place and time in which a story is taking place Sequencing Understanding how a series of events occur in a specific logical order Meter A stressed and unstressed syllable pattern in a verse or within the lines of a poem Narrative Poetry Tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters Fixed Verse Poetry Has a set formula Free Verse Poetry Has little or no pre-established guidelines Dramas Stories that can be acted out in front of people or an audience Playwright the person who writes the play, or the "author" of the play Dialogue Conversation between characters Stage Directions Tells the actor what to do or how to say a line Cast of Characters List of characters at the beginning of the play Plot The main events in a play or drama or novel Heading Bold words or phrases that separate the text by main idea Glossary Used to find the meanings of the important words in a text Index Used to reference certain aspects of the text using page numbers where those ideas are found. Is presented in alphabetical order. Graphs/charts Representation of data in a visual form Sidebar More information can be found on the side or bottom of the website page Hyperlink Used to point the reader to additional information Chronological Text goes in order by time or events Cause/effect The story or passage presents something that happens and then the result or effect of that action Problem Something that arises in the story tha