BIO 3030: Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-4)
Chapter 1
1. Antibiotics: An antimicrobial agent, usually produced by a bacterium or a fungus. In 1928,
Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin, (Penicillium) which is responsible for killing
Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Bacteriology: The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea. This began
with van Leeuwenhoek’s first examination of bacteria in tooth scrapings between 1673 and 1723.
3. ☆Biogenesis☆: The theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells.
☆4. Fermentation☆: The microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air.
5. Immunity: The protection from a disease provided by a vaccination (or by recovery from the
disease itself) is known as immunity. Immunity was established in 1796 when Jenner inoculated
a person with the cowpox virus, who was then immune to smallpox
6. Immunology: The study of host’s defenses to a pathogen; the study of immunity. Breakthrough
in 1933 by Lancefield who classified Streptococci based on their cell wall components.
☆ 7. Microbial Ecology☆: The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their
environment.
8. Microorganisms: A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria,
fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses. The first microbes were observed
from 1623 to 1673 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
9. Mycology: The scientific study of fungi.
10. Parasitology: The scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms.
11.☆Pasteurization☆: Reduces spoilage and kill potentially harmful bacteria.
12. Pathogenic: Disease-causing species;
13. Resistance: The ability to ward off diseases through innate and adaptive immunity.
Resistance factors include the skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals.
14. Spontaneous Generation: The hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a “vital
force” is necessary for life. Spontaneous Generation was disproved by Louis Pasteur in 1861.
15. Virology: The scientific study of viruses.
, Figure 1.5
☆In what processes are microorganisms used?
- Microorganisms are responsible for decomposing organic wastes in the soil, they generate
oxygen through photosynthesis, help to produce items such as ethanol, vitamins, acetone, and
they are responsible for the fermentation of foods (cheeses, vinegar.) Also, they help us to
understand causes and disease transmission, which in turn will help us to prevent an epidemic.
2. List the different types of microorganisms.
- Algae: Eukaryotes that are found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil and have cellulose as cell
walls. Algae use photosynthesis for energy and produces oxygen and carbohydrates. Finally
Algae can possibly reproduce either sexually or asexually.
- Archaea: Prokaryotes that are generally not known to cause disease in humans. Archaea lack
peptidoglycan cell walls and may lack a cell wall entirely. Archaea often live in extreme
environments which include methanogens, extreme halophiles or extreme thermophiles.
Chapter 1
1. Antibiotics: An antimicrobial agent, usually produced by a bacterium or a fungus. In 1928,
Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin, (Penicillium) which is responsible for killing
Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Bacteriology: The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea. This began
with van Leeuwenhoek’s first examination of bacteria in tooth scrapings between 1673 and 1723.
3. ☆Biogenesis☆: The theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells.
☆4. Fermentation☆: The microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air.
5. Immunity: The protection from a disease provided by a vaccination (or by recovery from the
disease itself) is known as immunity. Immunity was established in 1796 when Jenner inoculated
a person with the cowpox virus, who was then immune to smallpox
6. Immunology: The study of host’s defenses to a pathogen; the study of immunity. Breakthrough
in 1933 by Lancefield who classified Streptococci based on their cell wall components.
☆ 7. Microbial Ecology☆: The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their
environment.
8. Microorganisms: A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria,
fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses. The first microbes were observed
from 1623 to 1673 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
9. Mycology: The scientific study of fungi.
10. Parasitology: The scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms.
11.☆Pasteurization☆: Reduces spoilage and kill potentially harmful bacteria.
12. Pathogenic: Disease-causing species;
13. Resistance: The ability to ward off diseases through innate and adaptive immunity.
Resistance factors include the skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals.
14. Spontaneous Generation: The hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a “vital
force” is necessary for life. Spontaneous Generation was disproved by Louis Pasteur in 1861.
15. Virology: The scientific study of viruses.
, Figure 1.5
☆In what processes are microorganisms used?
- Microorganisms are responsible for decomposing organic wastes in the soil, they generate
oxygen through photosynthesis, help to produce items such as ethanol, vitamins, acetone, and
they are responsible for the fermentation of foods (cheeses, vinegar.) Also, they help us to
understand causes and disease transmission, which in turn will help us to prevent an epidemic.
2. List the different types of microorganisms.
- Algae: Eukaryotes that are found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil and have cellulose as cell
walls. Algae use photosynthesis for energy and produces oxygen and carbohydrates. Finally
Algae can possibly reproduce either sexually or asexually.
- Archaea: Prokaryotes that are generally not known to cause disease in humans. Archaea lack
peptidoglycan cell walls and may lack a cell wall entirely. Archaea often live in extreme
environments which include methanogens, extreme halophiles or extreme thermophiles.
