Kwalitatieve criminologische methoden en technieken
KWALITATIEVE
CRIMINOLOGISCHE
METHODEN EN TECHNIEKEN
‘Real men don’t collect soft data’ – Gherardi en Turner
Inhoud
Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................4
definitie van kwalitatief onderzoek....................................................................................................4
kwalitatief versus kwantitatief...........................................................................................................4
kwalitatieve basismethoden...............................................................................................................5
geschiedenis en algemene kenmerken...................................................................................................5
Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek?............................................................................................................6
Eisen aan het kwalitatief onderzoek...................................................................................................8
Theoretische paradigma’s......................................................................................................................9
Methodologie...................................................................................................................................10
Epistemologie...................................................................................................................................10
Ontologie..........................................................................................................................................10
Filosofische paradigma’s...................................................................................................................11
Positivisme........................................................................................................................................11
Constructivisme................................................................................................................................12
Een ander voorbeeld: pragmatisme.................................................................................................12
Enkele opmerkingen.........................................................................................................................12
kwalitatief onderzoek: interviews........................................................................................................13
inleiding............................................................................................................................................13
Waarom interviews afnemen?.........................................................................................................13
Voor- en nadelen van interviews......................................................................................................13
soorten kwalitatieve interviews........................................................................................................13
Kvale’s 10 criteria voor een succesvolle interviewer........................................................................14
Het interview: stappen.....................................................................................................................15
het kwalitatief onderzoeksdesign en methodologische kwalitateit......................................................20
kwalitatief onderzoeksdesign...........................................................................................................20
PROBLEEMSTELLING:....................................................................................................................20
1
, Kwalitatieve criminologische methoden en technieken
kwalitatieve grondvorm................................................................................................................22
De kwalitatieve steekproef...........................................................................................................23
Methodologische kwaliteit...........................................................................................................26
Besluit:..........................................................................................................................................29
participerende observatie onder Colombiaanse drugshandelaren.......................................................29
Thema’s............................................................................................................................................29
probleemstelling...............................................................................................................................29
onderzoeksmethoden.......................................................................................................................30
activiteiten........................................................................................................................................30
Veldwerk...........................................................................................................................................31
Rollen:...........................................................................................................................................31
Steekproef:...................................................................................................................................31
Toegang en vertrouwen................................................................................................................32
Grenzen en fouten........................................................................................................................32
Ethische kwesties..........................................................................................................................33
Data registratie en analyse (zie andere les)......................................................................................33
Community based participatory researh (cbpr)....................................................................................34
inhoud:.........................................................................................................................................34
PADUMI onderzoeksvragen en doelen.............................................................................................34
PADUMI Context...............................................................................................................................34
Moeilijkheden in dit onderzoeksdomein..........................................................................................35
PADUMI design 4 x 4 actoren...........................................................................................................35
4 actoren: randvoorwaarden en taken.........................................................................................35
CBPR: rationele/ uitgangspunten..................................................................................................36
CBPR: 9 leidende principes...........................................................................................................36
Algemene uitdagingen in dit type onderzoek:..............................................................................37
Gemeenschapsonderzoekrs aan het woord.................................................................................37
Uitdagingen voor de academische onderzoeker...........................................................................37
Respondenten aan het woord......................................................................................................38
CBPR of not?.................................................................................................................................38
Self-regulation in khat use: A qualitative study in Ethiopia..................................................................39
wat is khat?.......................................................................................................................................39
Epistemology and choice of a study design......................................................................................39
samplig procedure............................................................................................................................40
snowball sampling technique.......................................................................................................40
methods of data generation.............................................................................................................41
2
, Kwalitatieve criminologische methoden en technieken
data quality control (belangrijk!)......................................................................................................41
credibility..........................................................................................................................................41
prolonged engagement....................................................................................................................41
triangulation.....................................................................................................................................42
peer debriefing.................................................................................................................................42
member checking.............................................................................................................................42
negative case analysis.......................................................................................................................43
dependability and confirmability......................................................................................................43
transferability...................................................................................................................................43
ethics................................................................................................................................................43
autonomy.....................................................................................................................................44
beneficence..................................................................................................................................44
justice...........................................................................................................................................44
visuele methoden.................................................................................................................................44
visuele antropologie: coming of age in samoa (mead en bateson)...................................................44
Het beeld als sociale constructie:.....................................................................................................45
Hoe worden ze afgebeeld? En in welke bronnen?............................................................................46
Data over de sociale werkelijkheid verzamelen................................................................................47
visuele sociologie..............................................................................................................................47
bestaand beeldmateriaal analyseren...................................................................................................48
Productie......................................................................................................................................48
het beeld zelf................................................................................................................................49
het publiek....................................................................................................................................49
Gender advertisements (Goffman, 1979).........................................................................................49
Bestaande beelden analyseren.........................................................................................................52
Visuele etnografie.............................................................................................................................52
opzet en design.............................................................................................................................52
bevindingen..................................................................................................................................53
etnische aspecten.............................................................................................................................53
aanbevelingen..............................................................................................................................53
opgelet..........................................................................................................................................54
data-analyse en kwalitatieve software.................................................................................................54
analyse van kwalitatieve date: moeilijkheden..................................................................................54
Algemene principes..........................................................................................................................54
Analyse van kwalitatieve data..........................................................................................................55
Creswell’s analytische spiraal.......................................................................................................56
3
, Kwalitatieve criminologische methoden en technieken
de gefundeerde theorie-benadering............................................................................................57
Fases in de analyse...........................................................................................................................57
Data management........................................................................................................................57
De data leren kennen...................................................................................................................58
Coderen........................................................................................................................................58
Analyses controleren....................................................................................................................61
Computer Assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS).....................................................61
Wat een computer wel kan…........................................................................................................61
De meerwaarde van software......................................................................................................62
Functies van QDA-software..........................................................................................................62
Tips om de juiste software te kiezen............................................................................................62
ethische aspecten van kwalitatieve methoden....................................................................................63
ethische aspecten mbt de subjecten................................................................................................63
ethische aspecten mbt de onderzoeker zelf.....................................................................................65
code of ethics...............................................................................................................................66
ethische aspecten mbt collega’s.......................................................................................................66
ethische apsecten mbt opdrachtgevers/ financiers..........................................................................66
SLOT......................................................................................................................................................67
vragen leerstof..................................................................................................................................67
Examen:............................................................................................................................................67
INLEIDING
DEFINITIE VAN KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK
Definitie Denzin
= Dingen bestuderen in natuurlijke etting en data verzamelen die meer inzicht geven in hoe mensen
betekenis verlenen in het fenomeen waarover we onderzoek doen om op die manier de fenomenen
beter te begrijpen. We proberen een persoonlijker contact te krijgen met de respondenten.
KWALITATIEF VERSUS KWANTITATIEF
(zie kolom pwp)
Kwantitatief= tellen, representativiteit, reduceren
Steekproef gaan afmeten die representatief is om zo te tellen en te meten
Vragenlijst die op voorhand vastligt en beperkt is in omvang (reduceren tot wat we kunnen
vragen)
Meer vanuit standpunt van onderzoeker
Kwalitatief= begrijpen, verstehen, uitdiepen
Meer gefocust op het begrijpen
4
KWALITATIEVE
CRIMINOLOGISCHE
METHODEN EN TECHNIEKEN
‘Real men don’t collect soft data’ – Gherardi en Turner
Inhoud
Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................4
definitie van kwalitatief onderzoek....................................................................................................4
kwalitatief versus kwantitatief...........................................................................................................4
kwalitatieve basismethoden...............................................................................................................5
geschiedenis en algemene kenmerken...................................................................................................5
Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek?............................................................................................................6
Eisen aan het kwalitatief onderzoek...................................................................................................8
Theoretische paradigma’s......................................................................................................................9
Methodologie...................................................................................................................................10
Epistemologie...................................................................................................................................10
Ontologie..........................................................................................................................................10
Filosofische paradigma’s...................................................................................................................11
Positivisme........................................................................................................................................11
Constructivisme................................................................................................................................12
Een ander voorbeeld: pragmatisme.................................................................................................12
Enkele opmerkingen.........................................................................................................................12
kwalitatief onderzoek: interviews........................................................................................................13
inleiding............................................................................................................................................13
Waarom interviews afnemen?.........................................................................................................13
Voor- en nadelen van interviews......................................................................................................13
soorten kwalitatieve interviews........................................................................................................13
Kvale’s 10 criteria voor een succesvolle interviewer........................................................................14
Het interview: stappen.....................................................................................................................15
het kwalitatief onderzoeksdesign en methodologische kwalitateit......................................................20
kwalitatief onderzoeksdesign...........................................................................................................20
PROBLEEMSTELLING:....................................................................................................................20
1
, Kwalitatieve criminologische methoden en technieken
kwalitatieve grondvorm................................................................................................................22
De kwalitatieve steekproef...........................................................................................................23
Methodologische kwaliteit...........................................................................................................26
Besluit:..........................................................................................................................................29
participerende observatie onder Colombiaanse drugshandelaren.......................................................29
Thema’s............................................................................................................................................29
probleemstelling...............................................................................................................................29
onderzoeksmethoden.......................................................................................................................30
activiteiten........................................................................................................................................30
Veldwerk...........................................................................................................................................31
Rollen:...........................................................................................................................................31
Steekproef:...................................................................................................................................31
Toegang en vertrouwen................................................................................................................32
Grenzen en fouten........................................................................................................................32
Ethische kwesties..........................................................................................................................33
Data registratie en analyse (zie andere les)......................................................................................33
Community based participatory researh (cbpr)....................................................................................34
inhoud:.........................................................................................................................................34
PADUMI onderzoeksvragen en doelen.............................................................................................34
PADUMI Context...............................................................................................................................34
Moeilijkheden in dit onderzoeksdomein..........................................................................................35
PADUMI design 4 x 4 actoren...........................................................................................................35
4 actoren: randvoorwaarden en taken.........................................................................................35
CBPR: rationele/ uitgangspunten..................................................................................................36
CBPR: 9 leidende principes...........................................................................................................36
Algemene uitdagingen in dit type onderzoek:..............................................................................37
Gemeenschapsonderzoekrs aan het woord.................................................................................37
Uitdagingen voor de academische onderzoeker...........................................................................37
Respondenten aan het woord......................................................................................................38
CBPR of not?.................................................................................................................................38
Self-regulation in khat use: A qualitative study in Ethiopia..................................................................39
wat is khat?.......................................................................................................................................39
Epistemology and choice of a study design......................................................................................39
samplig procedure............................................................................................................................40
snowball sampling technique.......................................................................................................40
methods of data generation.............................................................................................................41
2
, Kwalitatieve criminologische methoden en technieken
data quality control (belangrijk!)......................................................................................................41
credibility..........................................................................................................................................41
prolonged engagement....................................................................................................................41
triangulation.....................................................................................................................................42
peer debriefing.................................................................................................................................42
member checking.............................................................................................................................42
negative case analysis.......................................................................................................................43
dependability and confirmability......................................................................................................43
transferability...................................................................................................................................43
ethics................................................................................................................................................43
autonomy.....................................................................................................................................44
beneficence..................................................................................................................................44
justice...........................................................................................................................................44
visuele methoden.................................................................................................................................44
visuele antropologie: coming of age in samoa (mead en bateson)...................................................44
Het beeld als sociale constructie:.....................................................................................................45
Hoe worden ze afgebeeld? En in welke bronnen?............................................................................46
Data over de sociale werkelijkheid verzamelen................................................................................47
visuele sociologie..............................................................................................................................47
bestaand beeldmateriaal analyseren...................................................................................................48
Productie......................................................................................................................................48
het beeld zelf................................................................................................................................49
het publiek....................................................................................................................................49
Gender advertisements (Goffman, 1979).........................................................................................49
Bestaande beelden analyseren.........................................................................................................52
Visuele etnografie.............................................................................................................................52
opzet en design.............................................................................................................................52
bevindingen..................................................................................................................................53
etnische aspecten.............................................................................................................................53
aanbevelingen..............................................................................................................................53
opgelet..........................................................................................................................................54
data-analyse en kwalitatieve software.................................................................................................54
analyse van kwalitatieve date: moeilijkheden..................................................................................54
Algemene principes..........................................................................................................................54
Analyse van kwalitatieve data..........................................................................................................55
Creswell’s analytische spiraal.......................................................................................................56
3
, Kwalitatieve criminologische methoden en technieken
de gefundeerde theorie-benadering............................................................................................57
Fases in de analyse...........................................................................................................................57
Data management........................................................................................................................57
De data leren kennen...................................................................................................................58
Coderen........................................................................................................................................58
Analyses controleren....................................................................................................................61
Computer Assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS).....................................................61
Wat een computer wel kan…........................................................................................................61
De meerwaarde van software......................................................................................................62
Functies van QDA-software..........................................................................................................62
Tips om de juiste software te kiezen............................................................................................62
ethische aspecten van kwalitatieve methoden....................................................................................63
ethische aspecten mbt de subjecten................................................................................................63
ethische aspecten mbt de onderzoeker zelf.....................................................................................65
code of ethics...............................................................................................................................66
ethische aspecten mbt collega’s.......................................................................................................66
ethische apsecten mbt opdrachtgevers/ financiers..........................................................................66
SLOT......................................................................................................................................................67
vragen leerstof..................................................................................................................................67
Examen:............................................................................................................................................67
INLEIDING
DEFINITIE VAN KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK
Definitie Denzin
= Dingen bestuderen in natuurlijke etting en data verzamelen die meer inzicht geven in hoe mensen
betekenis verlenen in het fenomeen waarover we onderzoek doen om op die manier de fenomenen
beter te begrijpen. We proberen een persoonlijker contact te krijgen met de respondenten.
KWALITATIEF VERSUS KWANTITATIEF
(zie kolom pwp)
Kwantitatief= tellen, representativiteit, reduceren
Steekproef gaan afmeten die representatief is om zo te tellen en te meten
Vragenlijst die op voorhand vastligt en beperkt is in omvang (reduceren tot wat we kunnen
vragen)
Meer vanuit standpunt van onderzoeker
Kwalitatief= begrijpen, verstehen, uitdiepen
Meer gefocust op het begrijpen
4
