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Summary Detailed notes for population and environment
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Complete detailed notes and case studies for population and environment human geography topic
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Population and environment key terms:Population The average number of people living in a specified area, usually expressed as the
density number of people per km^2
Population The pattern of where people live. This can be considered at all scales from local
distribution to global, in an area or a country
Agricultural The ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs
productivity
Agriculture The science or practice of farming including cultivation of the soil for the
growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool and other
products
Climate A region’s long-term weather patterns. This is measured in terms of average
precipitation (amount of annual rainfall), maximum and minimum temperatures
throughout the seasons, sunshine hours, humidity, frequency of extreme
weather and so on.
Food security Food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe,
nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active lifestyle
Salinisation The build-up of salts in soil, eventually to toxic levels for plants
Soil The upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material
typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay and rock particles
Topography The relief and drainage or for an area
Zonal soil A soil which has experienced the maximum effects of climate and natural
vegetation upon the parent rock, assuming there are no extremes of
weathering, relief or drainage
Disability- Measure of morbidity within a society. Measure the number of years of healthy
adjusted life life lost by being in poor health or a state of disability
years
Epidemiological Describes changing patterns of population age distribution, mortality, fertility,
transition life expectancy and causes of death. It assumes that infectious diseases are
replaced by chronic diseases over time due to expanded public heath and
sanitation.
Health Defined by the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Morbidity Related to illness and disease. It can also be used to describe the incidence of a
disease within society. Some diseases are so infectious that they must be
reported e.g. malaria, rubella and tuberculosis
Mortality Relates to death, can be measured by death rate, infant mortality, case
mortality and attack rate
Non- Medical condition or disease that is by definition non-infectious and non-
communicable transmissible among peopleS
,diseases
Well-being State of being comfortable, healthy or happy
Crude birth rate The total number of live births per 1,000 of a population per year - also known
as 'birth rate
Crude death The average number of deaths per 1,000 of a population per year - also known
rate as 'death rate'
Demography is the study of human population. A demographer is someone who studies the
statistics and characteristics of populations
Emigrant A person leaving their native area or country in order to settle elsewhere
Immigrant A person moving into an area or country to which they are not native in order
to settle there
Infant mortality The number of children who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births
rate per year
Life expectancy The average number of years a person born in a particular year in a location is
at birth expected to live
Natural change The difference between birth rates and death rates. If birth rates are higher
there is a natural increase in population; if death rates are higher, there is a
natural decrease
Net migration The difference between the total number or average rate of immigrants and
change emigrants in an area or country over a given period of time. More immigrants
than emigrants will give a positive net migration and more emigrants than
immigrants gives negative net migration
Net The number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current
replacement population levels or give zero population growth by generation. It is a measured
rate fertility rate. In richer developed countries the replacement rate is about 2.1 but
ranges from 2.5 to 3.3 in less developed countries because of higher mortality. If
fertility is above the replacement rate, population will grow and if it is below,
population will decline
Reproductive The age at which women can give birth. In official demographic data it is usually
age considered to be between 15 and 44
Total fertility The average number of children born per woman in an area or country if all
rate women lived to the end of their childbearing years. It is considered to be a more
direct and accurate measure of fertility than birth rate as it refers to the births
per woman
Demographic Benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependent such
dividend as children and the elderly. Boost in economic productivity results from growing
numbers in the workforce relative to the number of dependents
Asylum seeker Person who has fled their country of origin and applies for asylum under the
1951 convention on the grounds that they cannot return to their country of
origin because of a well-founded fear of death or persecution. While they wait
for a decision on their application to be concluded, they are known as an
, asylum-seeker.
Economic A person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek, lawfully or
migrant unlawfully, employment in another country.
Refugee A person fleeing but not necessarily fearing persecution as defined by the 1951
Refugee Convention. Legally, however, a refugee is an asylum seeker who's
application claim for asylum has been successful
Biotic potential In population ecology, the natural reproductive potential of the species
Environmental A term used in population ecology to explain mortality rates controlled by
resistance environmental factors that prevent survival e.g. disease, shortage of food, also
known as limiting factors
Biosphere Biological component of Earth systems (other are atmosphere, hydrosphere and
lithosphere)
Carrying Maximum population size that an area or environment can sustain indefinitely
capacity
Ecological A measure of the demand placed by humans on Earth’s natural ecosystems
footprint
Overshoot Ecological term referring to a point when the population and its associated
consumption of resources exceeds the long term carrying capacity of its
environment
Total productive All the food, water and energy resources produced by the Earths natural
bio-capacity systems annually to sustain us
One global Unit of measurement which represents the average productivity of all
hectare biologically productive areas on earth in a given year
Global hectares Amount of global hectares needed by each person to provide for their
per person consumption resources
3.2.4.1 Introduction
Relationship between population and the environment
Features of the physical environment such as the climate, geology, topography and ecosystems will
determine the nature of soils, drainage, water supply and potential environmental hazards. Theses
in turn affect food production, energy supplies, settlements patterns and human health and so
contribute to population size, distribution and its success in developing the resources it has at its
disposal. The effect that population growth and size has on the physical environment depends on
resource consumption, standard of living and mitigation measures. The impacts of an increase in
resource consumption are:
Climate change resulting in extreme temperatures, floods, droughts, rise in sea levels
Pollution of water, land and atmospheric pollution e.g. acid rain
Ozone depletion
Depletion of finite natural resources
Damage to wildlife and habitats leading to increased extinction rates
, Elements in the physical environment
Climate
o Arguably the most important element in the physical environment
o Rainfall, temperature, wind speed and solar insulation determine food productivity,
type of farming system and species for cultivation
o High populations are determined by adequate rainfall and temperatures suitable for
crops and livestock
o Climate can also drive the level and nature of diseases
Soils
o Most important feature of soil is its fertility which depends on soil structure, texture,
acidity, organic matter and nutrients
o Determines agricultural output and type of farming system
o Manage fertility with chemical fertilisers in high population density areas, but can
cause water pollution and increased greenhouse gas emissions
o Fertile soils are associated with densely populated areas
o Rich volcanic or alluvial soils are prone to hazard which negatively affect the
population
Water supply
o Used for survival, hydration, hygiene, sanitation and most importantly irrigation
o It determines population distribution like in Egypt where 95% of the population live
within 12 miles from the River Nile
Resource distributions
o Concentration of fossil fuels and minerals have given rise to industrialisation and
densely populated areas
o When the resources become depleted there is a legacy of a large, densely populated
are with tertiary industries emerging to serve them
Population parameters: distribution, density, numbers, change
Elements of the physical environment determine distribution patters and population density.
Most countries have uneven distributions due to a combination of factors in the physical
environment. Areas of population sparsity can be correlated to deserts, continental interiors
and extremes of cold temperatures. Population change considers population from temporal
and spatial perspective. Over time people may of have migrated to areas of fertile soil and
resource abundance, where they have thrived and numbers have grown.
Role of development processes
Associated with the ability to acquire and make use of the resources available. This has sparked
revolutions and has improved technological developments allowing the earth to support a larger
human population. The human race has also managed to control disease which normally keep death
rates high. Population growth and development have had a negative impact on the environment;
individuals impact depends on their lifestyle, resources, services.
3.2.4.2 Environment and population
Global/regional patterns of food production/consumption
The global food supplies were at 2,300 calories per person per day but it was unevenly distribute
between countries. They can still produce enough food even though the population has x2.5 this is
due to the use of new high-yielding crop varieties and technologies, irrigation, fertilisers, pesticides
and and increased reliance on the global trade. As LIC’s have a fast population growth their
agricultural products have been growing but its slower in HIC’s as there’s a slower population
growth.
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