BIO202 Exam II - Penkrot, ASU Study Guide With Complete Solution

140/90 mmHg or higher - AnswerHypertension 90% of people have this type of hypertension. It CAN be controlled. - AnswerPrimary hypertension This type of hypertension is due to disorders such as renal blockage, hypertension, endocrine disorders, etc. - AnswerSecondary hypertension Blood pressure is elevated but not yet hypertensive. Usually represented by 120/80 - AnswerPrehypertensive 90/60 mmHg or lower, not typically a sign of concern unless tissues are not receiving adequate amount of blood flow - AnswerHypotensive This type of hypotension is typically caused by poor nutrition for Addison's disease or hypothyroidism - AnswerChronic hypotension This type of hypotension usually results in temporarily low blood pressure and dizziness with suddenly rising from sitting down/lying position - AnswerOrthostatic hypotension This hypotension is usually an important sign of circulatory shock - AnswerAcute hypotension Condition where blood vessels fill and cannot circulate blood normally - AnswerCirculatory shock Hypovolemic shock results from ________________ - Answerlarge-scale blood loss Results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance - AnswerVascular shock Results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation - AnswerCardiogenic shock The blood flow through body tissues; rate of flow is PRECISELY RIGHT for its specific organ describes ______ - Answertissue perfusion Extrinsic and intrinsic factors control the rate of _______ - Answerblood flow Sympathetic nervous system and hormones control blood flow through the body. What control is this? - AnswerExtrinsic control Autoregulation control of blood flow is adjusted to meet the specific tissue's requirements. What control is this? - AnswerIntrinsic How do organs regulate their own blood flow? - AnswerVarying resistance of their own arterioles During strenuous exercise, which organ maintains a constant blood flow same to that during rest? What is the ml/min? - AnswerThe brain remains constant at 750 ml/min from rest to exertion. Skeletal muscles receive ____% blood volume at rest, and _____% blood volume during exercise. - Answer20% at rest, 70% at exercise The heart, brain, and kidneys are all regulated by which factors? - AnswerIntrinsic (local) - auto-regulated What two types of intrinsic mechanisms determine final auto regulatory response? - AnswerMetabolic and myogenic controls Reactive hyperemia is described as __________ - Answerincreased blood flow to an area due to intrinsic factors Nitric oxide and endothelins are usually balanced unless blood flow is inadequate, in which case Nitric oxide takes over, causing what? - AnswerVasodilation. NO is a powerful vasodilator. In contrast to nitric oxide, endothelins are powerful __________ - Answervasoconstrictors T/F Metabolic controls DECREASE the levels of O2? - AnswerTrue Myogenic controls respond by changing ______ to keep perfusion constant to avoid damage to tissue - Answermean arterial pressure (MAP) Passive stretch results in increased/decrease blood flow to tissue - Answerdecreased (smooth muscle constricts) Reduced stretch results in increased/decreased blood flow to tissue - Answerincreased (smooth muscle dilates) Long-term autroregulation occurs when short-term auto regulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements. How long does long-term auto regulation take to increase blood supply? - AnswerWeeks or months In skeletal muscles at rest, what 2 mechanisms predominate? - AnswerMyogenic and neural Low oxygen levels cause _________, while high oxygen levels cause ____________ - Answervasoconstriction, dilation The main component "driving" the colloid osmotic pressure necessary for venous fluid return is ____ - Answerplasma proteins What structure divides the upper respiratory tract from lower respiratory tract? - Answerlarynx The lower respiratory system contains what structures? - Answerlarynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs What are the major functions of the respiratory system? - AnswerSupply body with oxygen, release carbon dioxide What are the 4 processes of respiration? - AnswerPulmonary Ventilation External respiration Transport Internal respiration The "breathing" phase of air moving in and out of lungs occurs during which of the 4 phases of respiration? - AnswerPulmonary ventilation Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood occurs during which of the 4 phases of respiration? - AnswerExternal respiration Exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues occurs during which of the 4 phases of respiration? - AnswerInternal respiration (circulatory system) The process of O2 and CO2 traveling in blood occurs during which of the 4 phases of respiration? - AnswerTransport What is produced to prevent alveolar collapse and relieve surface tension in the lungs? - Answersurfactant What part of the lungs are the sites of ACUTAL gas exchange? - Answeralveoli What cells produce surfactant? - Answertype II alveolar cells How does the respiratory membrane allow for gas exchange? - AnswerIt is very thin and allows for gas exchange through simple diffusion How do alveolar surfaces maintain sterility? - AnswerAlveolar macrophages If intrapleural pressure is not negative, what will occur? - AnswerLungs will collapse