Inhoudsopgave
HFST 1: Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek? (p13-24) ............................................................................... 6
Kenmerken kwalitatief onderzoek ..................................................................................................... 6
Kenmerk 1: vraag & doelstelling ..................................................................................................... 6
Kenmerk 2: onderzoeksdesign ....................................................................................................... 7
Kenmerk 3: dataverzamelingsmethode .......................................................................................... 8
Kenmerk 4: Analyse ...................................................................................................................... 8
Kenmerk 5: Rapportering ............................................................................................................... 9
Kwantitatief onderzoek: verre familie of aangetrouwd? ....................................................................... 9
Methodenstrijd: klassieke verwijten ............................................................................................... 9
HFST 2: Software en technologie (p451-459) .................................................................................. 11
Niet evidente plaats van software ....................................................................................................11
Centrale kenmerken van kwalitatieve (analyse) software .............................................................. 12
Neemt technologie straks over? .................................................................................................. 12
HFST 3: Paradigma’s in het kwalitatief onderzoek .......................................................................... 13
3 centrale wetenschapsconcepten om paradigma’s te onderscheiden ..............................................13
1. Positivisme ............................................................................................................................. 14
2. Post-positivisme ..................................................................................................................... 15
3. Constructivisme ..................................................................................................................... 16
Constructivistische stromingen .......................................................................................................16
1. Symbolisch interactionisme .................................................................................................... 16
2. Fenomenologie & social constructivisme ................................................................................. 18
3. Etnomethodologie & conversatie analyse ................................................................................. 19
4. Kritische theorie, feminisme en andere .................................................................................... 20
Kritische theorie en andere postmodernisme & poststructuralisme............................................... 21
Kritische theorie en andere: art based research ............................................................................ 22
5. Participatief paradigma ........................................................................................................... 22
HFST 4: Kwalitatieve probleemformulering ................................................................................... 23
Probleemstelling.............................................................................................................................23
Algemene structuur en inhoud .................................................................................................... 23
Een onderzoeksvraag is als een…................................................................................................. 23
Zelfevaluatie: goede vraag? ......................................................................................................... 24
De onderzoeksvraag rijpt… .......................................................................................................... 24
…met hulp van literatuuronderzoek situeren en … ........................................................................ 24
…en komen tot conceptueel kader ............................................................................................... 25
Sensitizing concepts .......................................................................................................................25
Bracketing of epoche ......................................................................................................................25
Essentiële vaardigheid = kritisch denken ..........................................................................................26
Voorbij een zoekmachine ................................................................................................................26
2 valkuilen voor elke onderzoeker ....................................................................................................27
Geen vraag zonder doel ...................................................................................................................27
Waarom doe ik dit onderzoek? .........................................................................................................27
Waarom is dit onderzoek belangrijk? ................................................................................................27
1
, Voor wie is dit onderzoek bedoeld? ..................................................................................................28
Vraag + doel -> methode .................................................................................................................28
HFST 5: Ethiek van het onderzoek ................................................................................................. 29
Onderzoeksethiek ...........................................................................................................................29
Procedurele ethiek ...................................................................................................................... 29
Situationele ethiek ..........................................................................................................................32
Case 1 – Onderzoek bij Roma-jongeren ........................................................................................ 32
Case 2 – Kind met geheim Facebookaccount ............................................................................... 32
Handvaten om te beslissen in dit soort van dilemma’s .................................................................. 32
Relationele ethiek ...........................................................................................................................33
Ethische omgaan met data (GDPR) ..................................................................................................33
Bescherming privacy volgens GDPR ............................................................................................. 33
Okee, maar wat nu in praktijk? ..................................................................................................... 34
Data flow mapping ter ondersteuning van accountability .............................................................. 34
HFST 6: Wie ga je onderzoeken? Kwalitatieve steekproef ............................................................... 36
Dataverzameling: van wie of wat? ....................................................................................................36
Wie of wat doet mee? Steekproeftrekking .........................................................................................36
Anatomie van de steekproef ............................................................................................................36
Soorten steekproeftrekking .............................................................................................................37
Toevallige versus doelgericht ....................................................................................................... 37
Random sampling = Toevalssteekproef ........................................................................................ 37
Purposive sampling = doelgerichte steekproeftrekking.................................................................. 38
Hoe bereik ik mensen binnen een doelgerichte steekproef aanpak? ..................................................38
Purposive sampling: soorten ...........................................................................................................39
Hoe bereik ik mensen? ................................................................................................................ 39
Geen selectie ............................................................................................................................. 39
Typische case ............................................................................................................................. 39
Homogeniteit en heterogeniteit ................................................................................................... 40
Confirming/bevestigendecase & Negative/ontkennende case ....................................................... 40
Kritische case ............................................................................................................................. 41
Extreme of afwijkende cases ....................................................................................................... 41
Intensiteit ................................................................................................................................... 41
Random doelgericht ................................................................................................................... 41
Gestratificeerd doelgericht .......................................................................................................... 42
Criterium gebasseerd : Selectie van fasering ................................................................................ 42
Criterium gebasseerd: Selectie afhankelijke variabele .................................................................. 42
Pragmatische / Convenience sampling ........................................................................................ 42
Theoretische steekproef.............................................................................................................. 43
Omvang van de steekproef .......................................................................................................... 43
HFST 7: Algemene voorbereidingen voor het veldwerk ................................................................... 44
Voorbereiding veldwerk ...................................................................................................................44
Ideale flow van vragen .....................................................................................................................48
Soort vragen ...................................................................................................................................49
Functie van Drop-o_ .......................................................................................................................50
Naar een Geïnformeerde toestemming ............................................................................................50
Toestemming van deelnemers vragen en krijgen ........................................................................... 50
2
, Waar en op welke manier? ..............................................................................................................50
De ruimtelijke dimensie van dataverzameling via interview ........................................................... 50
HFST 8: Analyse van kwalitatieve data .......................................................................................... 51
Coderen .........................................................................................................................................52
Kort overzicht analytische benaderingen ..........................................................................................53
Narratieve analyse (of conversatie analyse) .................................................................................. 54
Kwalitatieve inhoudsanalyse ....................................................................................................... 54
(Kritische)discoursanalyse .......................................................................................................... 54
Interpretatieve (fenomenologische) analyse ................................................................................. 55
Thematische analyse .................................................................................................................. 55
Template analyse ........................................................................................................................ 55
Grounded theory benadering ...........................................................................................................55
Coderen binnen Grounded theory benadering .............................................................................. 57
Organiseren data (databeheer) ........................................................................................................58
Doornemen van data (close reading) ................................................................................................59
CLOSE READING: oefening ..............................................................................................................59
Gegevens opdelen in kleinere delen, met wegfilteren niet-relevante data ...........................................61
Hoe open codes bedenken? ............................................................................................................62
CLOSE READING: oefening – coderen ..............................................................................................62
Computer Assisted/Aided Qualitative Data Analysis (CAQDAS) .........................................................63
Kwaliteitsvereisten bij kwalitatief onderzoek ................................................................................ 64
Kwaliteitsvereisten bij kwantitatief onderzoek: Post-positivistische invulling .......................................64
Houding van kwalitatief onderzoek tov kwaliteitseisen ......................................................................65
1.Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid zijn onmogelijk ............................................................................ 65
2.Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid in vermomming ........................................................................... 65
3.Nieuwe invulling rond validiteit en betrouwbaarheid .................................................................. 66
Van criteria naar beoordelingsinstrumenten .....................................................................................66
Overtuigingskracht (neutraliteit) .................................................................................................. 67
Overdraagbaarheid (toepasbaarheid)........................................................................................... 67
Afhankelijkheid (consistentie) ..................................................................................................... 71
Geloofwaardigheid (waarheid) ..................................................................................................... 72
Authenticiteit .............................................................................................................................. 73
Analyse van kwalitatieve data: Deel 2 axiale en selectieve codering............................................... 74
Het einddoel: THEORIE ...................................................................................................................74
Aard en reikwijdte van een theorie....................................................................................................75
Inductie, deductie en abductie ........................................................................................................76
Sensitizing concepts .......................................................................................................................77
Bracketing of epoche ......................................................................................................................77
Beschrijven data: AXIAAL CODEREN ................................................................................................81
Wat is een concept?........................................................................................................................81
Hoe Axiaal coderen? Mogelijke werkwijze: ........................................................................................83
Codeerschema’s als hulpmiddel?....................................................................................................83
Hoe Axiaal coderen? Mogelijke werkwijze: ........................................................................................84
3
, Codeboom optimaliseren................................................................................................................84
Memo’s axiale codes .......................................................................................................................86
Hulpmiddel: conditionele matrix ......................................................................................................88
SELECTIEF CODEREN: Delen van data met elkaar verbonden............................................................88
HFST 8 – deel 2: Data verzamelen door te interviewen.................................................................... 95
Definitie wetenschappelijk interview ................................................................................................95
Soorten kwalitatieve interviews........................................................................................................96
Kenmerken kwalitatieve interview tov andere types interview ............................................................97
Talenten Kwalitatieve interviewer .....................................................................................................98
Interviewproces ..............................................................................................................................99
Voorbreiden................................................................................................................................ 99
Uitvoeren ................................................................................................................................... 99
Na het interview ........................................................................................................................ 103
Transcriptie .............................................................................................................................. 104
Voorbereiden ............................................................................................................................ 104
Medium van interview ............................................................................................................... 105
Afwegen voor- en nadelen online optie ....................................................................................... 105
Synchroon multikanaals interview ............................................................................................. 106
Theoretisch kader: Het verhaal van de ijsberg ............................................................................. 107
HFDST 9: Focusgroep ................................................................................................................. 107
Ontstaan focusgroepen ................................................................................................................. 107
Basisidee groepsinterviews ........................................................................................................... 107
Soorten groepsinterviews .............................................................................................................. 108
FOCUSgroep-interview ................................................................................................................. 109
Waarvoor focusgroepen gebruiken? ............................................................................................... 109
Rollen, plaats & tijd focus groep ..................................................................................................... 110
Rol(len) van de moderator ............................................................................................................. 110
Rollen van de assistant/observator ................................................................................................ 111
Typische setting ............................................................................................................................ 111
Selectie: deelnemers focus groep (zie hfst 6) .................................................................................. 111
Waarop homogeen / heterogeen kiezen? ........................................................................................ 112
Binnen groep op één kenmerk homogeen gekozen, blijft heterogeen ........................................... 112
Grootte en aantal groepen (zie hfst 6) ............................................................................................. 113
Voorbeeld gebruik focusgroepen in onderzoek ........................................................................... 113
Deelnemer types in focus groep..................................................................................................... 114
Focus groep proces= INTERVIEW PROCES ..................................................................................... 114
Voorbereiden ............................................................................................................................ 114
Uitvoeren ................................................................................................................................. 114
Na het interview ........................................................................................................................ 116
Voordelen tov diepte-interviews ..................................................................................................... 117
Nadelen van focusgroep tov diepte interview .................................................................................. 117
Activatie/participatie technieken (hfst 8 & 9) ............................................................................... 118
4
HFST 1: Wat is kwalitatief onderzoek? (p13-24) ............................................................................... 6
Kenmerken kwalitatief onderzoek ..................................................................................................... 6
Kenmerk 1: vraag & doelstelling ..................................................................................................... 6
Kenmerk 2: onderzoeksdesign ....................................................................................................... 7
Kenmerk 3: dataverzamelingsmethode .......................................................................................... 8
Kenmerk 4: Analyse ...................................................................................................................... 8
Kenmerk 5: Rapportering ............................................................................................................... 9
Kwantitatief onderzoek: verre familie of aangetrouwd? ....................................................................... 9
Methodenstrijd: klassieke verwijten ............................................................................................... 9
HFST 2: Software en technologie (p451-459) .................................................................................. 11
Niet evidente plaats van software ....................................................................................................11
Centrale kenmerken van kwalitatieve (analyse) software .............................................................. 12
Neemt technologie straks over? .................................................................................................. 12
HFST 3: Paradigma’s in het kwalitatief onderzoek .......................................................................... 13
3 centrale wetenschapsconcepten om paradigma’s te onderscheiden ..............................................13
1. Positivisme ............................................................................................................................. 14
2. Post-positivisme ..................................................................................................................... 15
3. Constructivisme ..................................................................................................................... 16
Constructivistische stromingen .......................................................................................................16
1. Symbolisch interactionisme .................................................................................................... 16
2. Fenomenologie & social constructivisme ................................................................................. 18
3. Etnomethodologie & conversatie analyse ................................................................................. 19
4. Kritische theorie, feminisme en andere .................................................................................... 20
Kritische theorie en andere postmodernisme & poststructuralisme............................................... 21
Kritische theorie en andere: art based research ............................................................................ 22
5. Participatief paradigma ........................................................................................................... 22
HFST 4: Kwalitatieve probleemformulering ................................................................................... 23
Probleemstelling.............................................................................................................................23
Algemene structuur en inhoud .................................................................................................... 23
Een onderzoeksvraag is als een…................................................................................................. 23
Zelfevaluatie: goede vraag? ......................................................................................................... 24
De onderzoeksvraag rijpt… .......................................................................................................... 24
…met hulp van literatuuronderzoek situeren en … ........................................................................ 24
…en komen tot conceptueel kader ............................................................................................... 25
Sensitizing concepts .......................................................................................................................25
Bracketing of epoche ......................................................................................................................25
Essentiële vaardigheid = kritisch denken ..........................................................................................26
Voorbij een zoekmachine ................................................................................................................26
2 valkuilen voor elke onderzoeker ....................................................................................................27
Geen vraag zonder doel ...................................................................................................................27
Waarom doe ik dit onderzoek? .........................................................................................................27
Waarom is dit onderzoek belangrijk? ................................................................................................27
1
, Voor wie is dit onderzoek bedoeld? ..................................................................................................28
Vraag + doel -> methode .................................................................................................................28
HFST 5: Ethiek van het onderzoek ................................................................................................. 29
Onderzoeksethiek ...........................................................................................................................29
Procedurele ethiek ...................................................................................................................... 29
Situationele ethiek ..........................................................................................................................32
Case 1 – Onderzoek bij Roma-jongeren ........................................................................................ 32
Case 2 – Kind met geheim Facebookaccount ............................................................................... 32
Handvaten om te beslissen in dit soort van dilemma’s .................................................................. 32
Relationele ethiek ...........................................................................................................................33
Ethische omgaan met data (GDPR) ..................................................................................................33
Bescherming privacy volgens GDPR ............................................................................................. 33
Okee, maar wat nu in praktijk? ..................................................................................................... 34
Data flow mapping ter ondersteuning van accountability .............................................................. 34
HFST 6: Wie ga je onderzoeken? Kwalitatieve steekproef ............................................................... 36
Dataverzameling: van wie of wat? ....................................................................................................36
Wie of wat doet mee? Steekproeftrekking .........................................................................................36
Anatomie van de steekproef ............................................................................................................36
Soorten steekproeftrekking .............................................................................................................37
Toevallige versus doelgericht ....................................................................................................... 37
Random sampling = Toevalssteekproef ........................................................................................ 37
Purposive sampling = doelgerichte steekproeftrekking.................................................................. 38
Hoe bereik ik mensen binnen een doelgerichte steekproef aanpak? ..................................................38
Purposive sampling: soorten ...........................................................................................................39
Hoe bereik ik mensen? ................................................................................................................ 39
Geen selectie ............................................................................................................................. 39
Typische case ............................................................................................................................. 39
Homogeniteit en heterogeniteit ................................................................................................... 40
Confirming/bevestigendecase & Negative/ontkennende case ....................................................... 40
Kritische case ............................................................................................................................. 41
Extreme of afwijkende cases ....................................................................................................... 41
Intensiteit ................................................................................................................................... 41
Random doelgericht ................................................................................................................... 41
Gestratificeerd doelgericht .......................................................................................................... 42
Criterium gebasseerd : Selectie van fasering ................................................................................ 42
Criterium gebasseerd: Selectie afhankelijke variabele .................................................................. 42
Pragmatische / Convenience sampling ........................................................................................ 42
Theoretische steekproef.............................................................................................................. 43
Omvang van de steekproef .......................................................................................................... 43
HFST 7: Algemene voorbereidingen voor het veldwerk ................................................................... 44
Voorbereiding veldwerk ...................................................................................................................44
Ideale flow van vragen .....................................................................................................................48
Soort vragen ...................................................................................................................................49
Functie van Drop-o_ .......................................................................................................................50
Naar een Geïnformeerde toestemming ............................................................................................50
Toestemming van deelnemers vragen en krijgen ........................................................................... 50
2
, Waar en op welke manier? ..............................................................................................................50
De ruimtelijke dimensie van dataverzameling via interview ........................................................... 50
HFST 8: Analyse van kwalitatieve data .......................................................................................... 51
Coderen .........................................................................................................................................52
Kort overzicht analytische benaderingen ..........................................................................................53
Narratieve analyse (of conversatie analyse) .................................................................................. 54
Kwalitatieve inhoudsanalyse ....................................................................................................... 54
(Kritische)discoursanalyse .......................................................................................................... 54
Interpretatieve (fenomenologische) analyse ................................................................................. 55
Thematische analyse .................................................................................................................. 55
Template analyse ........................................................................................................................ 55
Grounded theory benadering ...........................................................................................................55
Coderen binnen Grounded theory benadering .............................................................................. 57
Organiseren data (databeheer) ........................................................................................................58
Doornemen van data (close reading) ................................................................................................59
CLOSE READING: oefening ..............................................................................................................59
Gegevens opdelen in kleinere delen, met wegfilteren niet-relevante data ...........................................61
Hoe open codes bedenken? ............................................................................................................62
CLOSE READING: oefening – coderen ..............................................................................................62
Computer Assisted/Aided Qualitative Data Analysis (CAQDAS) .........................................................63
Kwaliteitsvereisten bij kwalitatief onderzoek ................................................................................ 64
Kwaliteitsvereisten bij kwantitatief onderzoek: Post-positivistische invulling .......................................64
Houding van kwalitatief onderzoek tov kwaliteitseisen ......................................................................65
1.Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid zijn onmogelijk ............................................................................ 65
2.Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid in vermomming ........................................................................... 65
3.Nieuwe invulling rond validiteit en betrouwbaarheid .................................................................. 66
Van criteria naar beoordelingsinstrumenten .....................................................................................66
Overtuigingskracht (neutraliteit) .................................................................................................. 67
Overdraagbaarheid (toepasbaarheid)........................................................................................... 67
Afhankelijkheid (consistentie) ..................................................................................................... 71
Geloofwaardigheid (waarheid) ..................................................................................................... 72
Authenticiteit .............................................................................................................................. 73
Analyse van kwalitatieve data: Deel 2 axiale en selectieve codering............................................... 74
Het einddoel: THEORIE ...................................................................................................................74
Aard en reikwijdte van een theorie....................................................................................................75
Inductie, deductie en abductie ........................................................................................................76
Sensitizing concepts .......................................................................................................................77
Bracketing of epoche ......................................................................................................................77
Beschrijven data: AXIAAL CODEREN ................................................................................................81
Wat is een concept?........................................................................................................................81
Hoe Axiaal coderen? Mogelijke werkwijze: ........................................................................................83
Codeerschema’s als hulpmiddel?....................................................................................................83
Hoe Axiaal coderen? Mogelijke werkwijze: ........................................................................................84
3
, Codeboom optimaliseren................................................................................................................84
Memo’s axiale codes .......................................................................................................................86
Hulpmiddel: conditionele matrix ......................................................................................................88
SELECTIEF CODEREN: Delen van data met elkaar verbonden............................................................88
HFST 8 – deel 2: Data verzamelen door te interviewen.................................................................... 95
Definitie wetenschappelijk interview ................................................................................................95
Soorten kwalitatieve interviews........................................................................................................96
Kenmerken kwalitatieve interview tov andere types interview ............................................................97
Talenten Kwalitatieve interviewer .....................................................................................................98
Interviewproces ..............................................................................................................................99
Voorbreiden................................................................................................................................ 99
Uitvoeren ................................................................................................................................... 99
Na het interview ........................................................................................................................ 103
Transcriptie .............................................................................................................................. 104
Voorbereiden ............................................................................................................................ 104
Medium van interview ............................................................................................................... 105
Afwegen voor- en nadelen online optie ....................................................................................... 105
Synchroon multikanaals interview ............................................................................................. 106
Theoretisch kader: Het verhaal van de ijsberg ............................................................................. 107
HFDST 9: Focusgroep ................................................................................................................. 107
Ontstaan focusgroepen ................................................................................................................. 107
Basisidee groepsinterviews ........................................................................................................... 107
Soorten groepsinterviews .............................................................................................................. 108
FOCUSgroep-interview ................................................................................................................. 109
Waarvoor focusgroepen gebruiken? ............................................................................................... 109
Rollen, plaats & tijd focus groep ..................................................................................................... 110
Rol(len) van de moderator ............................................................................................................. 110
Rollen van de assistant/observator ................................................................................................ 111
Typische setting ............................................................................................................................ 111
Selectie: deelnemers focus groep (zie hfst 6) .................................................................................. 111
Waarop homogeen / heterogeen kiezen? ........................................................................................ 112
Binnen groep op één kenmerk homogeen gekozen, blijft heterogeen ........................................... 112
Grootte en aantal groepen (zie hfst 6) ............................................................................................. 113
Voorbeeld gebruik focusgroepen in onderzoek ........................................................................... 113
Deelnemer types in focus groep..................................................................................................... 114
Focus groep proces= INTERVIEW PROCES ..................................................................................... 114
Voorbereiden ............................................................................................................................ 114
Uitvoeren ................................................................................................................................. 114
Na het interview ........................................................................................................................ 116
Voordelen tov diepte-interviews ..................................................................................................... 117
Nadelen van focusgroep tov diepte interview .................................................................................. 117
Activatie/participatie technieken (hfst 8 & 9) ............................................................................... 118
4
