RMT 2
CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGY IS A WAY OF THINKING
HOW SCIENTISTS WORK:
• Science is based on empiricism
• Scientists test theories
• Scientists work on fundamental and applied problems
• Science is continuously evolving
• Scientists publish their findings in scientific journals
• Scientists communicate with the general public via journalists
THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPLORATORY (INDUCTIVE) & CONFIRMATORY
(DEDUCTIVE) RESEARCH
Inductive/exploratory = We hebben geen theorie waarmee we beginnen, we observeren en
construeren een theorie op basis van wat we zien
Deductive/confirmatory = We beginnen met een bestaande theorie. Op basis van die
theorie formuleren we specifieke verwachtingen (hypotheses), die we vervolgens gaan toetsen
aan de werkelijkheid door middel van observaties of experimenten Het doel is om te
bevestigen (confirmeren) of te verwerpen of de theorie standhoudt in een specifieke context.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD THEORIES
• Supported by data: however, 1 test kan NOOIT een theorie bewijzen
• Falsifiable
o Theory can never be “proven”, but can always be disproven/falsified
o Non-falsifiable theories Bv: Aliens komen bij mij enkel langs als er niemand kijkt
• Parsimonious = zuinig = als er 2 theorieën hetzelfde fenomeen evengoed verklaren =
simpelste= beste
• Replication = crucial
4 NORMS FOR SCIENTISTS (DOCU)
1. Disinterestedness = scientists zijn neutraal, willen geen idealen, politieke meningen
bewijzen
2. Organized skepticism = onderzoekers denken kritisch na over wat hen wordt verteld en wat
ze zeggen.
3. Communality = onderzoek moet idealiter publiek beschikbaar zijn. Onderzoek is voor de
maatschappij
4. Universialism = iedereen kan onderzoek doen, regardless achtergrond, persoon
FUNDAMENTAL VERSUS APPLIED RESEARCH
Fundamental (Basic) Research: Translational research Applied Research:
Focuses on increasing knowledge Apply fundamental findings Focuses on testing interventions in
without immediate practical goals toward practical use; a bridge real-life settings.
1
, between theory and
practice.
PUBLISHING
• Manuscripts are submitted to scientific journals (e.g., Nature, Science, Psychological Bulletin)
• Peer-review process: kwaliteitscheck
o Parties involved include: Editor, reviewers, authors
o Can be:
Rejected ; Revised and resubmit ; Accepted Important bcs: lot of doctorates
require certain amounts of published papers NOT SO EASY!!
Low acceptance = Thread to quality of research: Needs to be spectacular to get
accepted...
Predatory journals= betalen om te laten publiceren, slechte controle
CHAPTER 2: SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Research = probabilistic = doesn’t necesseraly apply to every individual
U r more likley to... Doesn’t mean this is true for everyone! But there is a trend in the
data
Researchers:
• Use a comparison group
• Control for third variables
• Try to evaluate information without bias
THIS I BELIEVE BASED ON...:
Experience = confounded!
Intuïtion
Authority
Research
2
,COGNITIVE BIASES: beïnvloeden hoe we ons voelen, denken, gedragen... CCABAP
1) A good story
o Het is makkelijk om jezelf ervan te overtuigen dat iets dat logisch klinkt, juist is.
o Bv: Catharsis hypothesis klinkt logisch dat je stoom moet aflaten om je beter te voelen
2) Present bias
3) Availability heuristic
o Het is makkelijk om iets te geloven als het heel gangbaar is in het geheugen, veel voorkomt...
o Bv: “common causes of death” Heart dissease = most common, people will look for cancer
faster bcs its talked about more in the media
4) Confirmation bias
o We tend to believe information that is convergent with the knowledge we already have.
5) Confirmatory hypothesis testing
o In research: looking for information that prove your hypothesis
6) Bias blind spot = we are VERY bad in judging our own biasses (we think other people are
biased, but not ourself)
PYRAMID OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Scientific evidence
varies in
credibility:
3
, CHAPTER 3: THREE CLAIMS & FOUR VALIDITIES HOC2
VARIABLES
Variabelen verschillen; constanten niet.
Onafhankelijke variabelen beïnvloeden afhankelijke variabelen.
Variabelen kunnen gemeten of gemanipuleerd worden.
Conceptuele variabelen zijn abstract; operationele variabelen zijn concreet en meetbaar
( replicatie!)
3 CLAIMS
• A claim = a statement used to support a viewpoint, based on evidence.
• Psychologists commonly use 3 types of claims in research and communication
These claims fall into 3 categories:
1) Frequency claims: Describe how often a behavior or event occurs
2) Association claims: Describe relationships or correlations between variables.
3) Causal claims Describe cause-and-effect relationships.
3 CONDITIONS FOR CAUSAL EFFECT CLAIMS
4
CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGY IS A WAY OF THINKING
HOW SCIENTISTS WORK:
• Science is based on empiricism
• Scientists test theories
• Scientists work on fundamental and applied problems
• Science is continuously evolving
• Scientists publish their findings in scientific journals
• Scientists communicate with the general public via journalists
THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPLORATORY (INDUCTIVE) & CONFIRMATORY
(DEDUCTIVE) RESEARCH
Inductive/exploratory = We hebben geen theorie waarmee we beginnen, we observeren en
construeren een theorie op basis van wat we zien
Deductive/confirmatory = We beginnen met een bestaande theorie. Op basis van die
theorie formuleren we specifieke verwachtingen (hypotheses), die we vervolgens gaan toetsen
aan de werkelijkheid door middel van observaties of experimenten Het doel is om te
bevestigen (confirmeren) of te verwerpen of de theorie standhoudt in een specifieke context.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD THEORIES
• Supported by data: however, 1 test kan NOOIT een theorie bewijzen
• Falsifiable
o Theory can never be “proven”, but can always be disproven/falsified
o Non-falsifiable theories Bv: Aliens komen bij mij enkel langs als er niemand kijkt
• Parsimonious = zuinig = als er 2 theorieën hetzelfde fenomeen evengoed verklaren =
simpelste= beste
• Replication = crucial
4 NORMS FOR SCIENTISTS (DOCU)
1. Disinterestedness = scientists zijn neutraal, willen geen idealen, politieke meningen
bewijzen
2. Organized skepticism = onderzoekers denken kritisch na over wat hen wordt verteld en wat
ze zeggen.
3. Communality = onderzoek moet idealiter publiek beschikbaar zijn. Onderzoek is voor de
maatschappij
4. Universialism = iedereen kan onderzoek doen, regardless achtergrond, persoon
FUNDAMENTAL VERSUS APPLIED RESEARCH
Fundamental (Basic) Research: Translational research Applied Research:
Focuses on increasing knowledge Apply fundamental findings Focuses on testing interventions in
without immediate practical goals toward practical use; a bridge real-life settings.
1
, between theory and
practice.
PUBLISHING
• Manuscripts are submitted to scientific journals (e.g., Nature, Science, Psychological Bulletin)
• Peer-review process: kwaliteitscheck
o Parties involved include: Editor, reviewers, authors
o Can be:
Rejected ; Revised and resubmit ; Accepted Important bcs: lot of doctorates
require certain amounts of published papers NOT SO EASY!!
Low acceptance = Thread to quality of research: Needs to be spectacular to get
accepted...
Predatory journals= betalen om te laten publiceren, slechte controle
CHAPTER 2: SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Research = probabilistic = doesn’t necesseraly apply to every individual
U r more likley to... Doesn’t mean this is true for everyone! But there is a trend in the
data
Researchers:
• Use a comparison group
• Control for third variables
• Try to evaluate information without bias
THIS I BELIEVE BASED ON...:
Experience = confounded!
Intuïtion
Authority
Research
2
,COGNITIVE BIASES: beïnvloeden hoe we ons voelen, denken, gedragen... CCABAP
1) A good story
o Het is makkelijk om jezelf ervan te overtuigen dat iets dat logisch klinkt, juist is.
o Bv: Catharsis hypothesis klinkt logisch dat je stoom moet aflaten om je beter te voelen
2) Present bias
3) Availability heuristic
o Het is makkelijk om iets te geloven als het heel gangbaar is in het geheugen, veel voorkomt...
o Bv: “common causes of death” Heart dissease = most common, people will look for cancer
faster bcs its talked about more in the media
4) Confirmation bias
o We tend to believe information that is convergent with the knowledge we already have.
5) Confirmatory hypothesis testing
o In research: looking for information that prove your hypothesis
6) Bias blind spot = we are VERY bad in judging our own biasses (we think other people are
biased, but not ourself)
PYRAMID OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Scientific evidence
varies in
credibility:
3
, CHAPTER 3: THREE CLAIMS & FOUR VALIDITIES HOC2
VARIABLES
Variabelen verschillen; constanten niet.
Onafhankelijke variabelen beïnvloeden afhankelijke variabelen.
Variabelen kunnen gemeten of gemanipuleerd worden.
Conceptuele variabelen zijn abstract; operationele variabelen zijn concreet en meetbaar
( replicatie!)
3 CLAIMS
• A claim = a statement used to support a viewpoint, based on evidence.
• Psychologists commonly use 3 types of claims in research and communication
These claims fall into 3 categories:
1) Frequency claims: Describe how often a behavior or event occurs
2) Association claims: Describe relationships or correlations between variables.
3) Causal claims Describe cause-and-effect relationships.
3 CONDITIONS FOR CAUSAL EFFECT CLAIMS
4
