Exam 4 )NSG 533 Exam 4 Study Guide
define hematopoiesis - ANSWER:production of blood cells
define erythropoiesis - ANSWER:production of RBC
where does erythropoiesis primarily occur? - ANSWER:bone marrow of flat bones
composition of blood (by %) - ANSWER:1. plasma 55% (90% water, then nutrients, electrolytes, waste)
2. RBC 41%
3. WBC and platelets 4%
requirements of RBC production - ANSWER:1. amino acids
2. copper
3. cobalt
4. vitamin B (2,3,6,12)
5. folate
6. iron
7. vitamin E
what hormone stimulates RBC production - ANSWER:erythropoietin
when and where is erythropoietin secreted? - ANSWER:secreted from juxtaglomerular cells in the
kidneys
when decreased oxygen is detected
what is the last immature form of a RBC - ANSWER:reticulocyte (once it loses its ribosomal network, it
becomes an RBC)
life span of erythrocytes - ANSWER:120 days then removed by macrophages
oxyhemoglobin - ANSWER:hemoglobin bound to oxygen in the lungs (then binds with iron)
deoxyhemoglobin - ANSWER:hemoglobin without oxygen (delivers the oxygen to body tissues --> blood
becomes darker red)
describe the degradation of RBCs - ANSWER:- after 120 days, macrophages degrade erythrocyte
- globin is broken down into amino acids and sent back to bone marrow
,- iron (in the heme portion) is stored in the liver or spleen as ferritin
- non-iron portion of heme is degraded to biliverdin --> bilirubin --> liver --> excreted as bile --> excreted
in feces and urine
define anemia - ANSWER:decrease in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a
decrease in the quality/quantity of hemoglobin
three causes of anemia - ANSWER:1. blood loss
2. underproduction of erythrocytes
3. destruction of RBC
three different types of Hemoglobin - ANSWER:Hemoglobin A, F, and S
components of Hemoglobin A (HbA) - ANSWER:- contains 2 alpha globin
- contains 2 beta globin
- major hemoglobin in adults (97%)
components of Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) - ANSWER:- contains 2 alpha globin
- contains 2 delta globin
- unknown importance
- 3% of individuals
components of Hemoglobin F (HbF) - ANSWER:- contains 2 alpha globin
- contains 2 gamma globin
- fetal hemoglobin
- replaced by HbA at 6 months
components of Hemoglobin S (HbS) - ANSWER:dysfunctional beta gene in Sickle Cell Disease
normal RBC value and importance - ANSWER:# of erythrocytes in the blood
4.5-6
function: carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body
normal Hemoglobin value and importance - ANSWER:12-17mg/dL
function: oxygen-carrying protein of an erythrocyte that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and
facilitates the return transport of carbon dioxide to be exhaled
, higher in men
normal Hematocrit value and importance - ANSWER:men: 40-50%; women: 35-45%
function: % of a given volume of blood that is occupied by an erythrocyte
higher in men
normal Reticulocyte value and importance - ANSWER:0.5% - 2%
function: % of reticulocytes in red cell count (low indicates underproduction in the bone marrow; high
indicates destruction or hemolysis
normal total iron binding capacity value and importance - ANSWER:240-450mcg/dL
function: amount of iron in the serum plus amount of transferring available in the serum
normal haptoglobin value and importance - ANSWER:41-165mg/dL
importance: measures how fast your RBCs are destroyed (low indicates RBCs being destroyed quickly)
normal Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) value and importance - ANSWER:80-100
function: size/volume of the erythrocyte; not used for diagnosis
normal RBC Distribution Width (RDW) value and importance - ANSWER:11.5-15%
importance: index of variation of RBC size and shape (>15% can indicate evolving microcytic or
macrocytic anemia)
normal Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) value and importance - ANSWER:32-36
importance: how concentrated the hemoglobin is in the RBC
normal Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) value and importance - ANSWER:27-31
importance: amount of hemoglobin per RBC; looks at the color
-cytic - ANSWER:cell size
-chromic - ANSWER:hemoglobin content (color)
what is anisocytosis? - ANSWER:variation in RBC size
what is poikilocytosis? - ANSWER:variation in RBC shape
what happens to reticulocytes in underproduction of RBCs? - ANSWER:decreased reticulocytes
what happens to reticulocytes in destruction of RBCs? - ANSWER:reticulocytes increase
three categories of Decreased RBC Production anemia - ANSWER:1. microcytic
2. normocytic
define hematopoiesis - ANSWER:production of blood cells
define erythropoiesis - ANSWER:production of RBC
where does erythropoiesis primarily occur? - ANSWER:bone marrow of flat bones
composition of blood (by %) - ANSWER:1. plasma 55% (90% water, then nutrients, electrolytes, waste)
2. RBC 41%
3. WBC and platelets 4%
requirements of RBC production - ANSWER:1. amino acids
2. copper
3. cobalt
4. vitamin B (2,3,6,12)
5. folate
6. iron
7. vitamin E
what hormone stimulates RBC production - ANSWER:erythropoietin
when and where is erythropoietin secreted? - ANSWER:secreted from juxtaglomerular cells in the
kidneys
when decreased oxygen is detected
what is the last immature form of a RBC - ANSWER:reticulocyte (once it loses its ribosomal network, it
becomes an RBC)
life span of erythrocytes - ANSWER:120 days then removed by macrophages
oxyhemoglobin - ANSWER:hemoglobin bound to oxygen in the lungs (then binds with iron)
deoxyhemoglobin - ANSWER:hemoglobin without oxygen (delivers the oxygen to body tissues --> blood
becomes darker red)
describe the degradation of RBCs - ANSWER:- after 120 days, macrophages degrade erythrocyte
- globin is broken down into amino acids and sent back to bone marrow
,- iron (in the heme portion) is stored in the liver or spleen as ferritin
- non-iron portion of heme is degraded to biliverdin --> bilirubin --> liver --> excreted as bile --> excreted
in feces and urine
define anemia - ANSWER:decrease in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a
decrease in the quality/quantity of hemoglobin
three causes of anemia - ANSWER:1. blood loss
2. underproduction of erythrocytes
3. destruction of RBC
three different types of Hemoglobin - ANSWER:Hemoglobin A, F, and S
components of Hemoglobin A (HbA) - ANSWER:- contains 2 alpha globin
- contains 2 beta globin
- major hemoglobin in adults (97%)
components of Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) - ANSWER:- contains 2 alpha globin
- contains 2 delta globin
- unknown importance
- 3% of individuals
components of Hemoglobin F (HbF) - ANSWER:- contains 2 alpha globin
- contains 2 gamma globin
- fetal hemoglobin
- replaced by HbA at 6 months
components of Hemoglobin S (HbS) - ANSWER:dysfunctional beta gene in Sickle Cell Disease
normal RBC value and importance - ANSWER:# of erythrocytes in the blood
4.5-6
function: carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body
normal Hemoglobin value and importance - ANSWER:12-17mg/dL
function: oxygen-carrying protein of an erythrocyte that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and
facilitates the return transport of carbon dioxide to be exhaled
, higher in men
normal Hematocrit value and importance - ANSWER:men: 40-50%; women: 35-45%
function: % of a given volume of blood that is occupied by an erythrocyte
higher in men
normal Reticulocyte value and importance - ANSWER:0.5% - 2%
function: % of reticulocytes in red cell count (low indicates underproduction in the bone marrow; high
indicates destruction or hemolysis
normal total iron binding capacity value and importance - ANSWER:240-450mcg/dL
function: amount of iron in the serum plus amount of transferring available in the serum
normal haptoglobin value and importance - ANSWER:41-165mg/dL
importance: measures how fast your RBCs are destroyed (low indicates RBCs being destroyed quickly)
normal Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) value and importance - ANSWER:80-100
function: size/volume of the erythrocyte; not used for diagnosis
normal RBC Distribution Width (RDW) value and importance - ANSWER:11.5-15%
importance: index of variation of RBC size and shape (>15% can indicate evolving microcytic or
macrocytic anemia)
normal Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) value and importance - ANSWER:32-36
importance: how concentrated the hemoglobin is in the RBC
normal Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) value and importance - ANSWER:27-31
importance: amount of hemoglobin per RBC; looks at the color
-cytic - ANSWER:cell size
-chromic - ANSWER:hemoglobin content (color)
what is anisocytosis? - ANSWER:variation in RBC size
what is poikilocytosis? - ANSWER:variation in RBC shape
what happens to reticulocytes in underproduction of RBCs? - ANSWER:decreased reticulocytes
what happens to reticulocytes in destruction of RBCs? - ANSWER:reticulocytes increase
three categories of Decreased RBC Production anemia - ANSWER:1. microcytic
2. normocytic
