Behavioural Neuroscience
- Written exam: 4/5 (approx. 6 open questions)
- Assignment: 1/5 – 7 MAY (23u59)
o BBC doc Louis Theroux – A different brain
o Case report based on 1 patient
o Symptoms? Behavioural difficulties? Evolution? Burden?
o How can you test for these deficits in behavioural
o functioning?
o Potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms?
Contents
Personality – Novelty Seeking - Addiction..................................................................................... 10
Personality ............................................................................................................................. 10
Personality.......................................................................................................................... 10
History................................................................................................................................ 10
Personality: definition ......................................................................................................... 11
Revival trait theory late 20th century ................................................................................... 11
Psychobiological model of temperament and character......................................................... 12
Different aspects of temperament ....................................................................................... 15
Personality traits and neurotransmission .............................................................................. 16
Methodological approaches for measuring personality ............................................................. 16
General .............................................................................................................................. 16
Scoring personality traits in rodents ..................................................................................... 17
Neurochemical analysis of NT .............................................................................................. 18
Dopaminergic pathways ...................................................................................................... 19
Cholinergic pathways .......................................................................................................... 20
Example studies .................................................................................................................. 20
Pathophysiology of novelty seeking.......................................................................................... 24
General .............................................................................................................................. 24
Alcohol dependence ............................................................................................................ 24
Nicotine addiction ............................................................................................................... 24
Effect of ethanol and nicotine on DA reward system ............................................................. 25
Cocaine addiction................................................................................................................ 25
Gambling ............................................................................................................................ 27
Frontal lobe injury ............................................................................................................... 27
1
, Extreme sport brain............................................................................................................. 28
Addicted to love .................................................................................................................. 28
Anxiety ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 29
Neuro-anatomy of anxiety ....................................................................................................... 30
Limbic system ..................................................................................................................... 30
Amgydalae.......................................................................................................................... 30
Hippocampus ...................................................................................................................... 31
HPA-axis ............................................................................................................................. 31
Neuro-chemistry ..................................................................................................................... 32
General .............................................................................................................................. 32
GABA - Inhibitory ................................................................................................................ 32
Serotonin............................................................................................................................ 32
Neuro-psychology ................................................................................................................... 33
General .............................................................................................................................. 33
7 categories ........................................................................................................................ 33
LINKS .................................................................................................................................. 33
Free will: some neurobiological considerations............................................................................. 34
Being the boss in our own brain: desires ............................................................................... 34
Virtue ethics of Aristotle ...................................................................................................... 34
Hedonism vs Eudamonia...................................................................................................... 34
Free will.............................................................................................................................. 34
Problems of conscious perception of sensory stimuli ............................................................. 34
Love ................................................................................................................................... 35
Which tools are there to study free will? .............................................................................. 35
Benjamin Libet .................................................................................................................... 36
Gambling task ..................................................................................................................... 37
How has NS “opened’ the brain for study?............................................................................ 37
Insights ............................................................................................................................... 37
How marketers use the unconscious brain ............................................................................ 37
Purchase decision................................................................................................................ 38
(Pre)frontal cortex............................................................................................................... 38
Neurochemicals .................................................................................................................. 38
Frontal hypometabolism in impulsivity (BPD) ........................................................................ 39
Prefrontal cortex and the limbic system................................................................................ 40
Emotion and reasoning ........................................................................................................ 40
2
, Neuropsychiatric disorders with loss of free will.................................................................... 40
Managment of behavioural and psychological symptoms and signs of Dementia ........................ 41
Evolution of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease............................. 41
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia .............................................................................. 41
Disease severity .................................................................................................................. 41
Depression in BPSD ............................................................................................................. 42
Psychosis of Alzheimer’s disease (PAD) ................................................................................. 42
Treatment options .............................................................................................................. 43
BPSD pharmacology trials .................................................................................................... 44
Ingestive behaviour – drinking ..................................................................................................... 53
History ................................................................................................................................... 53
Physiological regulatory systems .............................................................................................. 53
Hypothalamus - homeostasis ................................................................................................... 54
Hypothalamus..................................................................................................................... 54
Hypothalamus – regulates many vital functions .................................................................... 54
How does the body lose water ................................................................................................. 54
Regulatory mechanisms .......................................................................................................... 55
Fluid compartments ............................................................................................................ 55
Regulatory mechanisms....................................................................................................... 55
Osmometric thirst ................................................................................................................... 56
General .............................................................................................................................. 56
ADH.................................................................................................................................... 56
Thirst .................................................................................................................................. 57
Osmoreceptors ................................................................................................................... 57
Volumetric thirst ..................................................................................................................... 58
General .............................................................................................................................. 58
ADH in volumetric thirst ...................................................................................................... 58
Volume sensors (=baroreceptors)......................................................................................... 59
Aldosteron secretion and salt appetite ................................................................................. 60
Neuronal control of thirst ........................................................................................................ 61
Circumventricular organs: general ........................................................................................ 61
Circumventricular organs in volved in neural control of thirst ................................................ 62
Example of fMRI study......................................................................................................... 62
Overview ............................................................................................................................ 63
Neuronal control of salt appetite ............................................................................................. 63
General .............................................................................................................................. 63
3
, Satiety mechanisms ................................................................................................................ 64
Satiety mechanisms of drinking ............................................................................................ 64
Satiety mechanisms of salt appetite ..................................................................................... 64
Pathophysiology of drinking behaviour..................................................................................... 65
General .............................................................................................................................. 65
Polydipsia ........................................................................................................................... 65
Hypodipsia – adipsia ............................................................................................................ 67
A few animal models ............................................................................................................... 67
Ingestive behaviour – eating........................................................................................................ 68
introduction ........................................................................................................................... 68
General .............................................................................................................................. 68
Metabolism ........................................................................................................................ 69
Regulation of body weight ................................................................................................... 70
What initiates a meal .............................................................................................................. 70
Social and environmental factors ......................................................................................... 70
Choice of diet...................................................................................................................... 71
Physiological hunger signals ................................................................................................. 74
Detectors levels of metabolic fuels ....................................................................................... 75
What stops a meal: general ..................................................................................................... 76
What stops a meal: short term satiety ...................................................................................... 77
Sensory: head factors .......................................................................................................... 77
Gastric factors..................................................................................................................... 77
Intestinal factors ................................................................................................................. 78
Liver factors ........................................................................................................................ 79
What stops a meal: long term satiety ....................................................................................... 80
General .............................................................................................................................. 80
Rat leptin model.................................................................................................................. 80
Leptin in humans................................................................................................................. 80
Leptin: function................................................................................................................... 81
Summary ............................................................................................................................ 83
Neural control mechanism....................................................................................................... 83
Overview of neuropeptides and peripheral peptides in eating behaviour................................ 83
CNS mechanisms ................................................................................................................. 84
Hypothalamus in food intake ............................................................................................... 85
Orexigenic factors ............................................................................................................... 85
Anorexigenic factors ............................................................................................................ 88
4
- Written exam: 4/5 (approx. 6 open questions)
- Assignment: 1/5 – 7 MAY (23u59)
o BBC doc Louis Theroux – A different brain
o Case report based on 1 patient
o Symptoms? Behavioural difficulties? Evolution? Burden?
o How can you test for these deficits in behavioural
o functioning?
o Potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms?
Contents
Personality – Novelty Seeking - Addiction..................................................................................... 10
Personality ............................................................................................................................. 10
Personality.......................................................................................................................... 10
History................................................................................................................................ 10
Personality: definition ......................................................................................................... 11
Revival trait theory late 20th century ................................................................................... 11
Psychobiological model of temperament and character......................................................... 12
Different aspects of temperament ....................................................................................... 15
Personality traits and neurotransmission .............................................................................. 16
Methodological approaches for measuring personality ............................................................. 16
General .............................................................................................................................. 16
Scoring personality traits in rodents ..................................................................................... 17
Neurochemical analysis of NT .............................................................................................. 18
Dopaminergic pathways ...................................................................................................... 19
Cholinergic pathways .......................................................................................................... 20
Example studies .................................................................................................................. 20
Pathophysiology of novelty seeking.......................................................................................... 24
General .............................................................................................................................. 24
Alcohol dependence ............................................................................................................ 24
Nicotine addiction ............................................................................................................... 24
Effect of ethanol and nicotine on DA reward system ............................................................. 25
Cocaine addiction................................................................................................................ 25
Gambling ............................................................................................................................ 27
Frontal lobe injury ............................................................................................................... 27
1
, Extreme sport brain............................................................................................................. 28
Addicted to love .................................................................................................................. 28
Anxiety ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 29
Neuro-anatomy of anxiety ....................................................................................................... 30
Limbic system ..................................................................................................................... 30
Amgydalae.......................................................................................................................... 30
Hippocampus ...................................................................................................................... 31
HPA-axis ............................................................................................................................. 31
Neuro-chemistry ..................................................................................................................... 32
General .............................................................................................................................. 32
GABA - Inhibitory ................................................................................................................ 32
Serotonin............................................................................................................................ 32
Neuro-psychology ................................................................................................................... 33
General .............................................................................................................................. 33
7 categories ........................................................................................................................ 33
LINKS .................................................................................................................................. 33
Free will: some neurobiological considerations............................................................................. 34
Being the boss in our own brain: desires ............................................................................... 34
Virtue ethics of Aristotle ...................................................................................................... 34
Hedonism vs Eudamonia...................................................................................................... 34
Free will.............................................................................................................................. 34
Problems of conscious perception of sensory stimuli ............................................................. 34
Love ................................................................................................................................... 35
Which tools are there to study free will? .............................................................................. 35
Benjamin Libet .................................................................................................................... 36
Gambling task ..................................................................................................................... 37
How has NS “opened’ the brain for study?............................................................................ 37
Insights ............................................................................................................................... 37
How marketers use the unconscious brain ............................................................................ 37
Purchase decision................................................................................................................ 38
(Pre)frontal cortex............................................................................................................... 38
Neurochemicals .................................................................................................................. 38
Frontal hypometabolism in impulsivity (BPD) ........................................................................ 39
Prefrontal cortex and the limbic system................................................................................ 40
Emotion and reasoning ........................................................................................................ 40
2
, Neuropsychiatric disorders with loss of free will.................................................................... 40
Managment of behavioural and psychological symptoms and signs of Dementia ........................ 41
Evolution of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease............................. 41
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia .............................................................................. 41
Disease severity .................................................................................................................. 41
Depression in BPSD ............................................................................................................. 42
Psychosis of Alzheimer’s disease (PAD) ................................................................................. 42
Treatment options .............................................................................................................. 43
BPSD pharmacology trials .................................................................................................... 44
Ingestive behaviour – drinking ..................................................................................................... 53
History ................................................................................................................................... 53
Physiological regulatory systems .............................................................................................. 53
Hypothalamus - homeostasis ................................................................................................... 54
Hypothalamus..................................................................................................................... 54
Hypothalamus – regulates many vital functions .................................................................... 54
How does the body lose water ................................................................................................. 54
Regulatory mechanisms .......................................................................................................... 55
Fluid compartments ............................................................................................................ 55
Regulatory mechanisms....................................................................................................... 55
Osmometric thirst ................................................................................................................... 56
General .............................................................................................................................. 56
ADH.................................................................................................................................... 56
Thirst .................................................................................................................................. 57
Osmoreceptors ................................................................................................................... 57
Volumetric thirst ..................................................................................................................... 58
General .............................................................................................................................. 58
ADH in volumetric thirst ...................................................................................................... 58
Volume sensors (=baroreceptors)......................................................................................... 59
Aldosteron secretion and salt appetite ................................................................................. 60
Neuronal control of thirst ........................................................................................................ 61
Circumventricular organs: general ........................................................................................ 61
Circumventricular organs in volved in neural control of thirst ................................................ 62
Example of fMRI study......................................................................................................... 62
Overview ............................................................................................................................ 63
Neuronal control of salt appetite ............................................................................................. 63
General .............................................................................................................................. 63
3
, Satiety mechanisms ................................................................................................................ 64
Satiety mechanisms of drinking ............................................................................................ 64
Satiety mechanisms of salt appetite ..................................................................................... 64
Pathophysiology of drinking behaviour..................................................................................... 65
General .............................................................................................................................. 65
Polydipsia ........................................................................................................................... 65
Hypodipsia – adipsia ............................................................................................................ 67
A few animal models ............................................................................................................... 67
Ingestive behaviour – eating........................................................................................................ 68
introduction ........................................................................................................................... 68
General .............................................................................................................................. 68
Metabolism ........................................................................................................................ 69
Regulation of body weight ................................................................................................... 70
What initiates a meal .............................................................................................................. 70
Social and environmental factors ......................................................................................... 70
Choice of diet...................................................................................................................... 71
Physiological hunger signals ................................................................................................. 74
Detectors levels of metabolic fuels ....................................................................................... 75
What stops a meal: general ..................................................................................................... 76
What stops a meal: short term satiety ...................................................................................... 77
Sensory: head factors .......................................................................................................... 77
Gastric factors..................................................................................................................... 77
Intestinal factors ................................................................................................................. 78
Liver factors ........................................................................................................................ 79
What stops a meal: long term satiety ....................................................................................... 80
General .............................................................................................................................. 80
Rat leptin model.................................................................................................................. 80
Leptin in humans................................................................................................................. 80
Leptin: function................................................................................................................... 81
Summary ............................................................................................................................ 83
Neural control mechanism....................................................................................................... 83
Overview of neuropeptides and peripheral peptides in eating behaviour................................ 83
CNS mechanisms ................................................................................................................. 84
Hypothalamus in food intake ............................................................................................... 85
Orexigenic factors ............................................................................................................... 85
Anorexigenic factors ............................................................................................................ 88
4
