Mastery exam review new latest version best studying material with verified answers graded A

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of perceptual constancy? Select one: a. An open window looks less like a window than a closed window. b. An airplane flying off into the distance appears to get smaller. c. As a child throws a ball high into the sky, it looks like it is getting bigger when it comes back down. d. As a shadow passes over your newspaper, you know that the page is not getting darker. - ANSWER d. As a shadow passes over your newspaper, you know that the page is not getting darker. According to Donald Broadbent's research, selective attention acts as a Select one: a. filter. b. key. c. safety net. d. trapdoor. - ANSWER a. filter. Subliminal perception describes: Select one: a. Inattentional blindness b. Seeing some object without being able to name it. c. The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness d. a reflex action in response to a stimuli, like pulling your hand away from a flame before you become aware of it. - ANSWER c. The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness Our subjective experience of the world and ourselves is what psychologists refer to as Select one: a. consciousness. b. motivation. c. perception. d. sensation. - ANSWER a. consciousness. What is the biggest difference between the different stages of the sleep cycle? Select one: a. Changes in physical activity b. Changes in respiratory effort c. Changes in muscle tone d. Changes in brain-wave activity - ANSWER d. Changes in brain-wave activity A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. Select one: a. primary b. negative c. positive d. secondary - ANSWER a. primary ________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced. Select one: a. Shaping b. Spontaneous recovery c. Stimulus generalization d. Stimulus discrimination - ANSWER a. Shaping ________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs. Select one: a. John Watson b. Ivan Pavlov c. B. F. Skinner d. Albert Bandura - ANSWER b. Ivan Pavlov A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ________ reinforcer. Select one: a. positive; negative b. natural; artificial c. secondary; primary d. secondary; artificial - ANSWER c. secondary; primary An eyewitness to a crime says in court, while pointing to the defendant, "I was there; I saw that man pull the trigger!" How likely is it that the defendant will be found guilty? Select one: a. Quite likely, because eyewitness testimony is very persuasive. b. Quite likely, because eyewitness testimony is very accurate. c. Not likely, because eyewitness testimony has been shown to be inaccurate. d. Not likely, because jurors usually need more evidence to convict someone. - ANSWER a. Quite likely, because eyewitness testimony is very persuasive. Dr. James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam, your score will improve. He is basing this advice on Select one: a. state-dependent learning b. recognition specificity. c. context-dependent learning. d. familiarity schemas . - ANSWER c. context-dependent learning. Researchers asked students about their initial recollections a few days after the Challenger explosion and then 2 1/2 to 3 years later. The results showed that Select one: a. few students showed significant changes in their memories with the passage of time and their initial recollections were largely accurate. b. few students failed to show changes in their memories with the passage of time and about one-third showed dramatic changes in memory. c. most students showed dramatic changes from their initial recollections to their later recollections. d. most students showed changes in their memories with the passage of time but only a few showed dramatic changes in memory. - ANSWER d. most students showed changes in their memories with the passage of time but only a few showed dramatic changes in memory. The use of ________ refers to the process of finding similar structures between two problems and thus finding similarities between their solutions. Select one: a. mental sets b. analogies c. algorithms d. heuristics - ANSWER b. analogies A base rate refers to Select one: a. how close a characteristic or behavior is to the mode. b. how valuable a heuristic is. c. how common a characteristic or behavior is. d. how close a characteristic or behavior is to the mean. - ANSWER c. how common a characteristic or behavior is. What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish? Select one: a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. b. It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other groups. c. It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures. d. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life. - ANSWER a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. In addition to general intelligence, Charles Spearman believed that intelligence scores also reflected ________ Select one: a. specific intellectual abilities, or s factors. b. fluid intelligence, or f factors. c. crystallized intelligence, or c factors d. genetic abilities. - ANSWER a. specific intellectual abilities, or s factors. The expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to Select one: a. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with high IQs. b. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding. c. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with low IQs. d. improve a population's genetic stock by way of providing those with low IQ increased access to higher education. - ANSWER b. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding. Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow? Select one: a. Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch. b. Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment. c. Babies become attached to adults who smile at them. d. Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices. - ANSWER b. Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment. Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that Select one: a. surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. c. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers. d. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses. - ANSWER b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles Select one: a. authoritarian parenting. b. permissive parenting. c. uninvolved parenting. d. authoritative parenting - ANSWER b. permissive parenting Stressing that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure is associated with the approach to psychology known as _________. Select one: a. culturalism b. functionalism c. darwinism d. structuralism - ANSWER b. functionalism What psychological school of thought was most concerned with the influence of the general principles of learning on an organism's or a person's actions? Select one: a. Behaviorism b. Cognitivism c. Psychoanalysis d. Structuralism - ANSWER a. Behaviorism The variable that an experimenter assesses or measures is called the ________________________. Select one: a. causal variable. b. confounding variable. c. dependent variable. d. independent variable. - ANSWER c. dependent variable. The main advantage associated with the experimental method is _____________________________. Select one: a. its precise control of the variables being studied b. its ability to duplicate real life in the laboratory c. that it can be used to explore just about everything d. participants usually enjoy taking part in the study - ANSWER a. its precise control of the variables being studied ________ is a phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study. Select one: a. Durability bias b. Experimenter expectancy effect c. Availability heuristic d. Confounding variable - ANSWER b. Experimenter expectancy effect Why is it difficult to make generalizations based on the results of case study research? Select one: a. Because case study research is, by definition, immune to the error of making generalizations. That is its greatest strength! b. Because case studies involve far too many people to allow for generalizations. You would be better off using a research design that uses fewer participants. c. Because a case study involves only one or a few subjects, their actions may be atypical and not representative of a larger group of people or population. d. Because the statistics involved in case study research do not allow one to draw larger conclusions about a population. - ANSWER c. Because a case study involves only one or a few subjects, their actions may be atypical and not representative of a larger group of people or population. Mary suffered a head injury in a car accident last week. Since that time she is able to speak fluently but uses the wrong words when expressing herself. Mary may be exhibiting problems associated with ________ area. Select one: a. Broca's b. Gall's c. Wernicke's d. Korsakoff's - ANSWER c. Wernicke's Hormones are chemicals that are secreted and go directly into ________. Select one: a. the bloodstream b. specific organs c. nerve endings d. the brain - ANSWER a. the bloodstream The flight-or-fight response is mobilized by the ________________________. Select one: a. central nervous system. b. somatic nervous system. c. sympathetic nervous system. d. parasympathetic nervous system. - ANSWER c. sympathetic nervous system.