NURS 546 Exam 2 questions with complete
solutions
Where is majority of body water located? ...Answer Is...intracellularly
Define interstitial fluid ...Answer Is...fluid between cells
What is one liter of water in kilograms? ...Answer Is...1 kg (2.2 lbs)
What is the normal serum value for phosphate? ...Answer Is...3.0-4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal serum value for sodium? ...Answer Is...135-145 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for potassium? ...Answer Is...3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for magnesium? ...Answer Is...1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for calcium? ...Answer Is...9-11 mg/dL
What is a hypotonic solution? ...Answer Is...when the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, the
cell will swell
What is a hypertonic solution? ...Answer Is...Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell
loses water
What causes edema? ...Answer Is...fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial fluid
, What is second spacing? ...Answer Is...abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
What is third spacing? ...Answer Is...fluid accumulates in a nonfunctional area between cells and it is
difficult for it to move back into cells or blood vessels
What is the function of aldosterone? ...Answer Is...It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
What are the functions of ANP and BNP? ...Answer Is...they are natural antagonists to aldosterone and
hormones made by cardiomyoctes, so when atrial pressure is too high they allow for excretion of
sodium and water
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? ...Answer Is...restlessness, agitation, lethargy,
coma, intense thirst, dry swollen tongue, postural hypotension, weight loss, increased pulse, weakness,
muscle cramps
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? ...Answer Is...irritability, confusion, dizziness,
tremors, seizures, coma, postural hypotension, increased pulse, vomiting
How is hypernatremia treated? ...Answer Is...IV fluids - hypotonic, isotonic
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? ...Answer Is...tall peaked T waves, confusion,
tetany, muscle cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, weakness, abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? ...Answer Is...Kayexalate (potassium binder), diuretics, dialysis,
IV insulin, IV calcium
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? ...Answer Is...fatigue, muscle weakness, decreased
reflexes, shallow respirations, weak pulse, flattened T wave, paralytic ileus, hyperglycemia
Why is potassium not given IV push or bolus? ...Answer Is...because potassium is irritating to the veins
and can cause cardiac arrest
solutions
Where is majority of body water located? ...Answer Is...intracellularly
Define interstitial fluid ...Answer Is...fluid between cells
What is one liter of water in kilograms? ...Answer Is...1 kg (2.2 lbs)
What is the normal serum value for phosphate? ...Answer Is...3.0-4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal serum value for sodium? ...Answer Is...135-145 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for potassium? ...Answer Is...3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for magnesium? ...Answer Is...1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for calcium? ...Answer Is...9-11 mg/dL
What is a hypotonic solution? ...Answer Is...when the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, the
cell will swell
What is a hypertonic solution? ...Answer Is...Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell
loses water
What causes edema? ...Answer Is...fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial fluid
, What is second spacing? ...Answer Is...abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
What is third spacing? ...Answer Is...fluid accumulates in a nonfunctional area between cells and it is
difficult for it to move back into cells or blood vessels
What is the function of aldosterone? ...Answer Is...It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
What are the functions of ANP and BNP? ...Answer Is...they are natural antagonists to aldosterone and
hormones made by cardiomyoctes, so when atrial pressure is too high they allow for excretion of
sodium and water
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? ...Answer Is...restlessness, agitation, lethargy,
coma, intense thirst, dry swollen tongue, postural hypotension, weight loss, increased pulse, weakness,
muscle cramps
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? ...Answer Is...irritability, confusion, dizziness,
tremors, seizures, coma, postural hypotension, increased pulse, vomiting
How is hypernatremia treated? ...Answer Is...IV fluids - hypotonic, isotonic
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? ...Answer Is...tall peaked T waves, confusion,
tetany, muscle cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, weakness, abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? ...Answer Is...Kayexalate (potassium binder), diuretics, dialysis,
IV insulin, IV calcium
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? ...Answer Is...fatigue, muscle weakness, decreased
reflexes, shallow respirations, weak pulse, flattened T wave, paralytic ileus, hyperglycemia
Why is potassium not given IV push or bolus? ...Answer Is...because potassium is irritating to the veins
and can cause cardiac arrest
