Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024
General Surgery EOR Exam Study Guide
Solutions
Barrett's Esophagus pathology - ANSWER✔✔-squamous cell into precancerous metaplastic columnar
cells
GERD dx: - ANSWER✔✔-Endoscope (usually used first)
24 hr ambulatory pH monitoring (GS) `
GERD tx: - ANSWER✔✔-1st (lifestyle)
2nd (H2 receptor antagonists)
3rd (PPI->Nissen fundoplication)
Achalasia sxs: - ANSWER✔✔-dysphagia to both solids and liquids
Achalasia dx: - ANSWER✔✔-Esophageal manometry (GS- shows increased LES pressure)
Esophagram (Bird's beak appearance of LES)
Achalasia tx: - ANSWER✔✔-botulin injection
Most common cause of esophageal varices - ANSWER✔✔-Cirrhosis
Esophageal varices sxs: - ANSWER✔✔-upper GI bleed (hematochezia, melena, hematemesis)
Esophageal varices tx: - ANSWER✔✔-endoscopic ligation (tx of choice)
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Octreotide (drug for acute bleeding)
Surgery (trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt- TIPS)
Rebleeds: nonselective BB (propanolol, nadolol)
Hiatal hernia types: - ANSWER✔✔-Type 1: sliding hernia (most common type)
Type 2: rolling hernia- fundus of stomach through the diaphragm
Gastritis etiologies: - ANSWER✔✔-H.pyloti (MC cause)
NSAIDs/Aspirin
Stress
Gastritis dx: - ANSWER✔✔-endoscopy
Gastritis tx: - ANSWER✔✔-H pylori +: clarithromycin, amoxicillin, PPI
-: PPI, sucrafulate
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome def. - ANSWER✔✔-gastrin producing tumor in stomach
Non-healing ulcers
PUD sxs: - ANSWER✔✔-epigastric pain (dyspepsia)- worse at night
GI bleed
Most common cause of upper GI bleed - ANSWER✔✔-PUD
PUD dx: - ANSWER✔✔-endoscopy (GS)
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Upper GI series
H.Pylori Testing - ANSWER✔✔-Endoscopy with bx (GS)
Stool antigen (confirm eradication)
Urea breath test (if endoscopy can't be done)
Prevention of NSAID induced ulcers - ANSWER✔✔-misoprostol
Cytoprotective agent for PUD/gastritis - ANSWER✔✔-Sucralfate
Duodenal vs Gastric Ulcers - ANSWER✔✔-Duodenal (more common, likely benign, better with meals)
Gastric (more malignant, worse with meals)
Zollinger ellison syndrome dx: - ANSWER✔✔-fasting gastrin level (best screening test)
Gallbladder disease progression - ANSWER✔✔-Cholelithiasis-cholecystitis- choledocholithiasis-
cholangitis
Most common type of gallstone - ANSWER✔✔-cholesterol
Risk factor for gallstones - ANSWER✔✔-female, fat, forty, fertile, fair
Cholelithiasis dx: - ANSWER✔✔-US
Cholecystitis pathophys: - ANSWER✔✔-Gallstone-> e. coli infection
Cholecystitis sxs: - ANSWER✔✔-RUQ pain (with fatty foods, large meals), fever, Murphy's sign, Boas's
sign
Cholecystitis tx: - ANSWER✔✔-US (initial)
Copyright ©Stuvia International BV 2010-2024 Page 3/23
General Surgery EOR Exam Study Guide
Solutions
Barrett's Esophagus pathology - ANSWER✔✔-squamous cell into precancerous metaplastic columnar
cells
GERD dx: - ANSWER✔✔-Endoscope (usually used first)
24 hr ambulatory pH monitoring (GS) `
GERD tx: - ANSWER✔✔-1st (lifestyle)
2nd (H2 receptor antagonists)
3rd (PPI->Nissen fundoplication)
Achalasia sxs: - ANSWER✔✔-dysphagia to both solids and liquids
Achalasia dx: - ANSWER✔✔-Esophageal manometry (GS- shows increased LES pressure)
Esophagram (Bird's beak appearance of LES)
Achalasia tx: - ANSWER✔✔-botulin injection
Most common cause of esophageal varices - ANSWER✔✔-Cirrhosis
Esophageal varices sxs: - ANSWER✔✔-upper GI bleed (hematochezia, melena, hematemesis)
Esophageal varices tx: - ANSWER✔✔-endoscopic ligation (tx of choice)
Copyright ©Stuvia International BV 2010-2024 Page 1/23
,Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024
Octreotide (drug for acute bleeding)
Surgery (trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt- TIPS)
Rebleeds: nonselective BB (propanolol, nadolol)
Hiatal hernia types: - ANSWER✔✔-Type 1: sliding hernia (most common type)
Type 2: rolling hernia- fundus of stomach through the diaphragm
Gastritis etiologies: - ANSWER✔✔-H.pyloti (MC cause)
NSAIDs/Aspirin
Stress
Gastritis dx: - ANSWER✔✔-endoscopy
Gastritis tx: - ANSWER✔✔-H pylori +: clarithromycin, amoxicillin, PPI
-: PPI, sucrafulate
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome def. - ANSWER✔✔-gastrin producing tumor in stomach
Non-healing ulcers
PUD sxs: - ANSWER✔✔-epigastric pain (dyspepsia)- worse at night
GI bleed
Most common cause of upper GI bleed - ANSWER✔✔-PUD
PUD dx: - ANSWER✔✔-endoscopy (GS)
Copyright ©Stuvia International BV 2010-2024 Page 2/23
, Copyright © KAYLIN 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH NOVEMBER, 2024
Upper GI series
H.Pylori Testing - ANSWER✔✔-Endoscopy with bx (GS)
Stool antigen (confirm eradication)
Urea breath test (if endoscopy can't be done)
Prevention of NSAID induced ulcers - ANSWER✔✔-misoprostol
Cytoprotective agent for PUD/gastritis - ANSWER✔✔-Sucralfate
Duodenal vs Gastric Ulcers - ANSWER✔✔-Duodenal (more common, likely benign, better with meals)
Gastric (more malignant, worse with meals)
Zollinger ellison syndrome dx: - ANSWER✔✔-fasting gastrin level (best screening test)
Gallbladder disease progression - ANSWER✔✔-Cholelithiasis-cholecystitis- choledocholithiasis-
cholangitis
Most common type of gallstone - ANSWER✔✔-cholesterol
Risk factor for gallstones - ANSWER✔✔-female, fat, forty, fertile, fair
Cholelithiasis dx: - ANSWER✔✔-US
Cholecystitis pathophys: - ANSWER✔✔-Gallstone-> e. coli infection
Cholecystitis sxs: - ANSWER✔✔-RUQ pain (with fatty foods, large meals), fever, Murphy's sign, Boas's
sign
Cholecystitis tx: - ANSWER✔✔-US (initial)
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