AFP Exam 1 Study Guide 2023

What was America's foreign policy following its independence (1776)? - -Wanted to expand US economy with trade -Wanted to maintain its independence and stay free from conflict, no "entangling alliances" -Didn't want to weaken newfound security/liberty -Also didn't want centralized power What factors led to the War of 1812? Who was the war fought against? What was the result of the war for America? - 1. Disputed territory: US, British, and Native Americans fought over who had rights to certain areas 2. Impressments: British had been drafting American citizens into their Navy overseas. Couldn't tell which was which 3. Blockade of France: British had blockaded French seaports to choke off their supplies -Was fought against the British. US won, created sense of nationalism and unity for the country. Demonstrated American naval capabilities. -treaty of ghent What was the Monroe Doctrine? - Doctrine stated that any further attempts to colonize the Americas will be seen as a direct threat to American security. Sets tone for future relationship with the americas, they don't want any foreign powers b/c of security and trading relationships. What is Manifest Destiny? - The belief that the US had a mission to bring their culture and religion to the rest of the Americas. -Democratic government, freedom of speech, capitalism, etc. What are broad factors that led to the Spanish American War? What are two specific factors? What was the result of the war for the US? How did this war change American foreign policy? - Broad causes: 1) manifest destiny extension 2) Domestic pressure: economic reasons, Spain was a declining world power and they wanted resources in Asia and Europe. Specific factors: 1) USS Maine: potential sinking of US naval ship by Spanish 2) Yellow Press: reported that the Spanish had sunk the USS Maine, created high anti-spanish sentiment for public The broad causes were manifest destiny and domestic pressures of trade. The specific causes were the USS Maine and the yellow press. The conflict was short and not very costly which ultimately put the US in power. The war changed US foreign policy because the US was in a power position and gained some spanish colonies. Why did the US colonize the Philippines? - Wanted to get a foothold in Asia, Phillipines would be the access/military benefits What was the Open Door Policy? - All powers have equal access to Chinese markets, did not want to have the division of China. What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? Why was it declared? - US is the policemen to the Western Hemisphere, US will have distinct relationship w/ Americas and does not want undue European influence What was dollar diplomacy? How and why was force used during this period? - Wilson use of force coupled with ideals of expansion of US economy, introducing notions of democracy/capitalism/free trade. Wants unionized international organizations ."intervention involved participating in the overthrow of one government and the military support" What was the US policy at the outset of World War I? Prior to US entry into World War I, what was the main dispute between the US and Germany? What was the Zimmerman telegram? How did these two events lead to US entry into WWI? What was the US policy towards the Russian Revolution? - Most Americans did not see vital interest in the war except for economic partners. Germany had been blockading British by subwarfare, which caused neutrality issues for the US. They began sinking US ships that they thought were British (Sussex Pledge violated). Zimmeman telegram: If the US goes into the war, Mexico will go against them and ally with Germany. If so, Mexican territory will be given back. US policy towards Russian Revolution: gave support to the Whites, had fear of a communist regime. Also didn't want to lose Russian offense on Eastern border. What was the League of Nations? What was it supposed to do? - the League of Nations was supposed to be an organization of powers that set out to lay post war agenda, as well as laying down anti-communism ideals. Open gov. Selective defese organization: all states would be members and would agree to defend, then none would attack and would have mechanism to solve disputes. Why did the US not ratify the League of Nations? What is conservative internationalism? What were the Washington-London Naval Conferences and Kellogg-Briand Pacts? What did they seek to accomplish? - US congress would not ratify it because they didn't want the US to engage in foreign conflicts without US cong. approval. Conservative internationalism: a focus of US on promoting American ideals and economy. Kellogg Briand Pacts: agreed not to use agression to olve conflict. Washington London Naval conferences: states agreed to limit the size of their navies. Served as a mechanism for states not to use aggression. What was the Smoot-Hawley tariff? - Raised tarriffs on foreign products, some so high that Americans couldn't buy. Forced them to buy American sold goods What was the Lend Lease Act? Why did the US enter World War 2? - Any country vital to American national security is able to lend/lease American military equipment. US entered WWII after attack on Pearl Harbor. Why did Roosevelt believe that the Soviets would cooperate after the end of WW2? How is the post war settlement of WW2 different than the post war settlement of WW1? - They believed they would cooperate because they would behave like the other states and the US had given them aid. There was also a personal appeal to agreeing to terms since the US had become such a dominant world power. Post WWII called for having a concrete approach towards Germany. What did the allies decide to do about Germany? What is the United Nations? What is the UN Security Council? Who are the 5 permanent members and what special privileges do they have in the UN? - Germany was divided into 5 zones, given to each of the powers to control. Also had to pay reparations. the UN is an international organization to resolve disputes, all states would be members. 5 permanent members of security council: US, British, French, China, Russia. 9 non-permanent members. Have security function, use of force. Veto power What did the allies decide to do about Eastern Europe? Why was this compromise made? - EE would be liberated, they had the rights to self determination and government. The US decided to be friendly to the Soviets, if they chose to be communist it would be okay How did the Stalin speech in 1946 and the Churchill speech in 1946 deepen the Cold War? What did they say that was so inflammatory? - Churchill Speech: "iron curtain" ascending over Europe, cutting parts off.Stalin speech: enacts tough communist policies and said that they must prepare for conflict- inevitable. What was the Truman Doctrine? - Truman wanted to send aid to Greece and Turkey and help rebuild their failing economies. Get foothold and contain communism The Truman Doctrine was essentially US commitment to aid Greece and Turkey against Soviet and Soviet assisted threats. This is significant because he says he believes that it is the policy of the United States to "to support the free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. What was containment? Who was George Kennan? - containment: containing communism. Marshall Plan: helping rebuild economies and repeal communism. When they develop they can help US in fending off communism in other countries. NATO: multilateral defense pacts w/ US to signal a US willingness to intervene against communism. Internal reorganization of of bureaucracy: National Security Act instated the Department of Defense. Created the CIA which was developed to gain info on all states and lead secret projects. George Kennan was a key advisor and the father of containment.