It examines both external factors, such as cultural deprivation, material deprivation, and racism in wider society, and internal school factors like labelling, teacher expectations, and institutional racism.



 Key sociological studies from researchers such as Gillborn and Mirza are included to explain the complex interactions between ethnicity, social class, and gender in shaping educational outcomes.



 The document also covers the role of pupil identities, teacher stereotyping, and how ethn...