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Exam (elaborations)

Comprehensive Guide to Python Programming: Fundamentals, Libraries, and Practical Applications

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The document is a comprehensive guide to Python programming designed to help learners from beginners to more advanced levels. It covers foundational topics such as Python syntax, variables, data types, control structures (loops, conditionals), functions, and error handling. It also introduces Python’s standard library, essential packages (like NumPy, SciPy, Pandas), and popular Python editors and environments (IDLE, Visual Studio Code, Spyder, Jupyter Notebook). The guide includes practical examples, exercises, and explanations of both scripting and interactive modes. Advanced topics like object-oriented programming, file handling, debugging, and scientific computing are also covered. The material aims to provide a thorough understanding of Python’s capabilities and applications for general programming, scientific computing, and data analysis, making it suitable for self-study or academic coursework.

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November 22, 2025
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,Contents

I Getting Started with Python 10
1 Introduction 11
1.1 The New Age of Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 What is Python? 17
2.1 Introduction to Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.1 Interpreted vs. Compiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Python Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 Python Packages for Science and Numerical Computations 20
2.3 Anaconda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4 Python Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.1 Python IDLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.2 Visual Studio Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.3 Spyder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.4 Visual Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.5 PyCharm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.6 Wing Python IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.7 Jupyter Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6 Installing Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6.1 Python Windows 10 Store App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.2 Installing Anaconda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.3 Installing Visual Studio Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3 Start using Python 26
3.1 Python IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2 My first Python program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 Python Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4 Running Python from the Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4.1 Opening the Console on macOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.2 Opening the Console on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.3 Add Python to Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.5 Scripting Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5.1 Run Python Scripts from the Python IDLE . . . . . . . . 31
3.5.2 Run Python Scripts from the Console (Terminal) macOS 32
3.5.3 Run Python Scripts from the Command Prompt in Win-
dows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33


6

, 3.5.4 Run Python Scripts from Spyder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4 Basic Python Programming 36
4.1 Basic Python Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1.1 Get Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.1 Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2.2 Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2.3 String Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.3 Built-in Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.4 Python Standard Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5 Using Python Libraries, Packages and Modules . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.5.1 Python Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.6 Plotting in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.6.1 Subplots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.6.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49


II Python Programming 50
5 Python Programming 51
5.1 If ... Else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.3 For Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.3.1 Nested For Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.4 While Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6 Creating Functions in Python 60
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2 Functions with multiple return values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

7 Creating Classes in Python 66
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.2 The init () Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

8 Creating Python Modules 71
8.1 Python Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

9 File Handling in Python 74
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
9.2 Write Data to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
9.3 Read Data from a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
9.4 Logging Data to File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
9.5 Web Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76




7

, 10 Error Handling in Python 79
10.1 Introduction to Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
10.1.1 Syntax Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
10.1.2 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
10.2 Exceptions Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

11 Debugging in Python 82

12 Installing and using Python Packages 83
12.1 What is PIP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83


III Python Environments and Distributions 84
13 Introduction to Python Environments and Distributions 85
13.1 Package and Environment Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
13.1.1 PIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
13.1.2 Conda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
13.2 Python Virtual Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

14 Anaconda 88
14.1 Anaconda Navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

15 Enthought Canopy 90


IV Python Editors 91
16 Python Editors 92

17 Spyder 94

18 Visual Studio Code 96
18.1 Introduction to Visual Studio Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
18.2 Python in Visual Studio Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

19 Visual Studio 98
19.1 Introduction to Visual Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
19.2 Work with Python in Visual Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
19.2.1 Make Visual Studio ready for Python Programming . . . 99
19.2.2 Python Interactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
19.2.3 New Python Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

20 PyCharm 106

21 Wing Python IDE 108

22 Jupyter Notebook 110
22.1 JupyterHub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
22.2 Microsoft Azure Notebooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111




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