1. Diabetes
a. Chronic Hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion,
insulin action, or both.
b. Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, weight loss
2. Diagnostic test for Diabetes
a. FPG(8hrs) >100 mg/dl
b. HbA1c (Glycated hemoglobin for last 3 months) >6.5%
c. OGTT >200 mg/dl within 2hr
d. Random Plasma Glucose Test > 200mg/dl
3. DM-T1
a. Autoimmune (+HLA-DR3,4) → beta cell destruction → no
insulin
b. Usually < 20yo
c. DKA
d. No c-peptide
4. DM-T2
a. Insulin resistance due to Metabolic syndrome or FHx
b. Usually > 40 yo
c. HHS
d. Presence of c-peptide
5. Why are there proteolysis and lipolysis when there is no insulin?
a. For Gluconeogenesis as the body cannot use carbs for energy
6. Hypoglycemia levels
a. Diabetics <70mg/dl
b. Nondiabetic <55mg/dl
7. Glucose transporter and location
a. GLUT2: liver, pancreas, and kidneys
b. GLUT4: muscle and fat
8. Insulin Receptor and mechanism
a. Receptor: tyrosine kinase → PI3K/AKT pathway (stimulation of
GLUT4)
b. Glucose Uptake → Glycogenesis + Glycolysis
c. AA Uptake → Protein synthesis
d. Acetyl Coa → TG → Lipogenesis
e. Stimulate cell growth
9. Glucokinase vs hexokinase
a. G
i. low glucose affinity → work at high blood glucose
ii. not inhibited by its products
iii. hepatic cells, β-cells, enterocytes, and glucose-sensitive
neurons
b. H
i. high glucose affinity → low-glucose conditions
ii. Most tissues
a. Chronic Hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion,
insulin action, or both.
b. Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, weight loss
2. Diagnostic test for Diabetes
a. FPG(8hrs) >100 mg/dl
b. HbA1c (Glycated hemoglobin for last 3 months) >6.5%
c. OGTT >200 mg/dl within 2hr
d. Random Plasma Glucose Test > 200mg/dl
3. DM-T1
a. Autoimmune (+HLA-DR3,4) → beta cell destruction → no
insulin
b. Usually < 20yo
c. DKA
d. No c-peptide
4. DM-T2
a. Insulin resistance due to Metabolic syndrome or FHx
b. Usually > 40 yo
c. HHS
d. Presence of c-peptide
5. Why are there proteolysis and lipolysis when there is no insulin?
a. For Gluconeogenesis as the body cannot use carbs for energy
6. Hypoglycemia levels
a. Diabetics <70mg/dl
b. Nondiabetic <55mg/dl
7. Glucose transporter and location
a. GLUT2: liver, pancreas, and kidneys
b. GLUT4: muscle and fat
8. Insulin Receptor and mechanism
a. Receptor: tyrosine kinase → PI3K/AKT pathway (stimulation of
GLUT4)
b. Glucose Uptake → Glycogenesis + Glycolysis
c. AA Uptake → Protein synthesis
d. Acetyl Coa → TG → Lipogenesis
e. Stimulate cell growth
9. Glucokinase vs hexokinase
a. G
i. low glucose affinity → work at high blood glucose
ii. not inhibited by its products
iii. hepatic cells, β-cells, enterocytes, and glucose-sensitive
neurons
b. H
i. high glucose affinity → low-glucose conditions
ii. Most tissues
