[Test Bank] – [Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care (5th Edition)] by [Brian K. Walsh] | Complete [All Chapters 1–28] | Verified [2025–2026 NBRC & NCLEX-Style Questions, Answers & Rationales]

NeonatalandPediatric
RespiratoryCare5thEdition
WalshTestBankA+

, Chapter1:FetalLungDevelopmentTestBank t




MULTIPLE CHOICE g




1. Whichofthefollowingphasesofhumanlungdevelopmentischaracterized bythe t t t t t t g




formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
g g g g g g g g




a. Pseudoglandular

b. Saccular

c. Alveolar

d. Canalicular



ANS: D g




Thecanalicularphasefollowsthepseudoglandular phase,lastingfromapproximately 17weeks to
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26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance ofvascular
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channels,or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary networkaround the air
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passages.
g




During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of
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gestation, the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system
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gdevelops, ending with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which
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takes place from weeks29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs
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that later become alveoli.
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Duringthesaccularphase,atremendousincrease inthepotentialgas-exchangingsurfacearea t g




occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage isarbitrary. The
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alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage isrepresented by
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the establishment of alveoli.
g g g g




REF: pp. 3-5 g g




2. Regardingpostnatal lunggrowth,byapproximatelywhatagedomostofthealveolithat t g t t t




will be present in the lungs for life develop?
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a. 6 monthsg

,b. 1 year g




c. 1.5 years g




d. 2 years g




ANS: C g




Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of life.At
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g




2 years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals.After 2years of
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g




age, males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolarmultiplication ends,the
g g g g g g g g g g g




alveoli continueto increase in size until thoracic growth iscompleted.
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REF: p. 6 g g




3. Therespiratorytherapistisevaluatinganewbornwithmildrespiratorydistressdueto
t t t t




trachealstenosis.Duringwhichperiodoflungdevelopmentdidthisproblemdevelop?
g t t t t




a. Embryonal

b. Saccular

c. Canalicular

d. Alveolar



ANS: A g




The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal
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stage. Errorsindevelopment duringthis timemay result inlaryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal
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atresiaorstenosis. Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs
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characterizedbyan abnormally low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments
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and/or alveoli,candevelop during the pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is
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born during thecanalicularphase (i.e., prematurely), severerespiratory distress can be
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expected because theinadequately developed airways, along with insufficient and immature
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surfactantproduction by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the constellation of
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problems knownasinfant respiratory distress syndrome.
g g t g g g

, REF: p. 6 g




4. Whichofthefollowingmechanismsis(are)responsibleforthepossible
t t t t




association between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
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I. Abnormalcarbohydrate metabolism g




II. Mechanicalrestriction of the chest wall g g g g




III. Interferencewithfetal breathing g g




IV. Failureto produce fetal lungliquid g g g g g




a. Iand III only g g




b. IIand III only
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c. I, II,and IV only
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d. II, III, and IV only
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ANS: D g




Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period oftime, g g g g g g g g g g g g t




with orwithout renal anomalies, is associatedwith lung hypoplasia. Themechanismsby which
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amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possibleexplanations for
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reducedquantityof amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of thechest wall,
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interference with fetalbreathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid.
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Theseclinical and experimental observations possiblypoint to a common denominator,
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lungstretch, as being a major growth stimulant.
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REF: pp. 6-7
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5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted bythe type IIpneumocyte?
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