PTI 2 final exam with accurate detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which of the following would be considered a potential indication for electrotherapy?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. cardiac arrhythmia
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. osteomyelitis
||\\//||
||\\//|| c. stress incontinence
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. seizure disorders - correct answer✔✔Answer: c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Stress incontinence refers to the unintentional loss of urine and is often ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
prompted by a physical movement or activity such as coughing or sneezing. Pelvic floor ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
muscle weakness is often the cause of this condition. Electrotherapy can be used effectively
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to increase the strength and coordination of the pelvic floor muscles. Cardiac arrhythmia,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
osteomyelitis, and seizure disorders are considered contraindications for electrotherapy ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A therapist uses neuromuscular electrical stimulation with a patient rehabilitating from a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
knee injury. During the treatment session the therapist adjusts the on:off time ratio to 1:5.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which of the following is consistent with the described ratio? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. 8 seconds on and 40 seconds off
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. 10 seconds on and 30 seconds off
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. 30 seconds on and 10 seconds off
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. 40 seconds on and 8 seconds off - correct answer✔✔Answer: a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: An on:off ratio of 1:5 means that for each second of on time there would be five ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
seconds of off time. Eight seconds of on time and 40 seconds of off time maintains the 1:5 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ratio.
What electrode configuration includes two electrodes from two different stimulating
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
circuits that are positioned so that the individual currents intersect? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. unipolar ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. monopolar ||\\//||
,||\\//|| c. bipolar ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. quadripolar - correct answer✔✔Answer: d
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Quadripolar technique refers to two electrodes from two separate stimulating ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
circuits that are positioned so that the individual currents intersect with each other. This
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
technique is utilized with interferential current. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A therapist attempts to determine the amount of time necessary to treat an area
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
approximately two times the size of the ultrasound transducer. The most appropriate ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
treatment time is: ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. 3 minutes ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. 5 minutes ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. 7 minutes||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. 12 minutes - correct answer✔✔Answer: b
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: A therapist can cover an area two to three times the size of the transducer in a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
five minute period. Five minutes would be a sufficient amount of time given the size of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
area in relation to the size of the transducer. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A patient poorly tolerates the sudden increase in force that occurs when transitioning from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
off time to on time during neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Which action would
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
minimize the impact of this transition? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. decrease the treatment duration
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. modify the waveform
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. utilize a ramp
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. increase the phase duration - correct answer✔✔Answer: c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Ramp refers to the number of seconds it takes for the amplitude to gradually ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
increase or decrease to the maximum value set by the amplitude control. By adding a ramp ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the onset of the electrical force will be gradual and, therefore, better tolerated by the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
patient.
,A therapist elects to use a small set of electrodes when applying electrical stimulation to the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
anterior forearm of a patient rehabilitating from an upper extremity injury. Which of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
following is most accurate when comparing smaller electrodes to larger electrodes? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. Smaller electrodes result in increased current density and increased impedance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. Smaller electrodes result in decreased current density and increased impedance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. Smaller electrodes result in increased current density and decreased impedance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. Smaller electrodes result in decreased current density and decreased impedance - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| answer✔✔Answer: a ||\\//||
Rationale: The smaller surface area of small electrodes increases current density and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
impedance. Current density is a measure of the density of an electrical current. Impedance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
refers to the property of a substance that provides resistance to the flow of current by
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
offering an alternate current ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which ultrasound parameters would produce the lowest total amount of heat delivered to
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the target area? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. 20% duty cycle at 1.2 W/cm2
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. 50% duty cycle at 1.1 W/cm2
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. 75% duty cycle at 1.3 W/cm2
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. continuous ultrasound at 1.2 W/cm2 - correct answer✔✔Answer: a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Pulsed ultrasound at a 20% duty cycle produces sound energy only 20% of the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
time. A 50% duty cycle produces sound energy 50% of the time. Although the intensity is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
slightly lower at the 50% duty cycle compared to the corresponding intensity for the 20% ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
duty cycle, the relatively small decrease would still generate additional heat due to the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
significantly increased duty cycle. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What type of electrical current is used with iontophoresis? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. alternating current
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. direct current
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. pulsatile current
||\\//|| ||\\//||
, ||\\//|| d. interferential current - correct answer✔✔Answer: b
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Direct current refers to a continuous unidirectional flow of charged particles. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Direct current is used for iontophoresis and for stimulating contraction of denervated
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
muscle.
What is the maximum depth of tissue heating when using ultrasound with a frequency of 1
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
MHz? ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. one centimeter
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. two centimeters
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. five centimeters
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. ten centimeters - correct answer✔✔Answer: c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Ultrasound with a frequency of 1 MHz can be used to heat tissues up to five ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
centimeters deep, while ultrasound with a frequency of 3 MHz is used to heat tissue one to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
two centimeters deep. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What parameter is primarily responsible for determining the depth of ultrasound?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. intensity ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. duty cycle ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. frequency||\\//||
||\\//|| d. effective radiating area - correct answer✔✔Answer: c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: The selected frequency of ultrasound determines the depth of penetration. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Frequency is most often 1 MHz or 3 MHz. Increasing the frequency of ultrasound causes a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decrease in the depth of penetration and decreasing the frequency causes an increase in the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
depth of penetration. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A therapist uses iontophoresis to treat a patient with a fungal infection. Which substance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
would be the most beneficial to utilize? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. copper sulfate
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which of the following would be considered a potential indication for electrotherapy?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. cardiac arrhythmia
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. osteomyelitis
||\\//||
||\\//|| c. stress incontinence
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. seizure disorders - correct answer✔✔Answer: c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Stress incontinence refers to the unintentional loss of urine and is often ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
prompted by a physical movement or activity such as coughing or sneezing. Pelvic floor ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
muscle weakness is often the cause of this condition. Electrotherapy can be used effectively
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to increase the strength and coordination of the pelvic floor muscles. Cardiac arrhythmia,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
osteomyelitis, and seizure disorders are considered contraindications for electrotherapy ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A therapist uses neuromuscular electrical stimulation with a patient rehabilitating from a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
knee injury. During the treatment session the therapist adjusts the on:off time ratio to 1:5.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which of the following is consistent with the described ratio? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. 8 seconds on and 40 seconds off
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. 10 seconds on and 30 seconds off
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. 30 seconds on and 10 seconds off
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. 40 seconds on and 8 seconds off - correct answer✔✔Answer: a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: An on:off ratio of 1:5 means that for each second of on time there would be five ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
seconds of off time. Eight seconds of on time and 40 seconds of off time maintains the 1:5 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ratio.
What electrode configuration includes two electrodes from two different stimulating
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
circuits that are positioned so that the individual currents intersect? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. unipolar ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. monopolar ||\\//||
,||\\//|| c. bipolar ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. quadripolar - correct answer✔✔Answer: d
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Quadripolar technique refers to two electrodes from two separate stimulating ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
circuits that are positioned so that the individual currents intersect with each other. This
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
technique is utilized with interferential current. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A therapist attempts to determine the amount of time necessary to treat an area
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
approximately two times the size of the ultrasound transducer. The most appropriate ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
treatment time is: ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. 3 minutes ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. 5 minutes ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. 7 minutes||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. 12 minutes - correct answer✔✔Answer: b
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: A therapist can cover an area two to three times the size of the transducer in a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
five minute period. Five minutes would be a sufficient amount of time given the size of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
area in relation to the size of the transducer. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A patient poorly tolerates the sudden increase in force that occurs when transitioning from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
off time to on time during neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Which action would
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
minimize the impact of this transition? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. decrease the treatment duration
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. modify the waveform
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. utilize a ramp
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. increase the phase duration - correct answer✔✔Answer: c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Ramp refers to the number of seconds it takes for the amplitude to gradually ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
increase or decrease to the maximum value set by the amplitude control. By adding a ramp ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the onset of the electrical force will be gradual and, therefore, better tolerated by the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
patient.
,A therapist elects to use a small set of electrodes when applying electrical stimulation to the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
anterior forearm of a patient rehabilitating from an upper extremity injury. Which of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
following is most accurate when comparing smaller electrodes to larger electrodes? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. Smaller electrodes result in increased current density and increased impedance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. Smaller electrodes result in decreased current density and increased impedance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. Smaller electrodes result in increased current density and decreased impedance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. Smaller electrodes result in decreased current density and decreased impedance - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| answer✔✔Answer: a ||\\//||
Rationale: The smaller surface area of small electrodes increases current density and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
impedance. Current density is a measure of the density of an electrical current. Impedance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
refers to the property of a substance that provides resistance to the flow of current by
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
offering an alternate current ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which ultrasound parameters would produce the lowest total amount of heat delivered to
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the target area? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. 20% duty cycle at 1.2 W/cm2
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. 50% duty cycle at 1.1 W/cm2
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. 75% duty cycle at 1.3 W/cm2
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. continuous ultrasound at 1.2 W/cm2 - correct answer✔✔Answer: a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Pulsed ultrasound at a 20% duty cycle produces sound energy only 20% of the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
time. A 50% duty cycle produces sound energy 50% of the time. Although the intensity is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
slightly lower at the 50% duty cycle compared to the corresponding intensity for the 20% ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
duty cycle, the relatively small decrease would still generate additional heat due to the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
significantly increased duty cycle. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What type of electrical current is used with iontophoresis? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. alternating current
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. direct current
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. pulsatile current
||\\//|| ||\\//||
, ||\\//|| d. interferential current - correct answer✔✔Answer: b
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Direct current refers to a continuous unidirectional flow of charged particles. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Direct current is used for iontophoresis and for stimulating contraction of denervated
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
muscle.
What is the maximum depth of tissue heating when using ultrasound with a frequency of 1
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
MHz? ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. one centimeter
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. two centimeters
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. five centimeters
||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| d. ten centimeters - correct answer✔✔Answer: c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: Ultrasound with a frequency of 1 MHz can be used to heat tissues up to five ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
centimeters deep, while ultrasound with a frequency of 3 MHz is used to heat tissue one to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
two centimeters deep. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What parameter is primarily responsible for determining the depth of ultrasound?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. intensity ||\\//||
||\\//|| b. duty cycle ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| c. frequency||\\//||
||\\//|| d. effective radiating area - correct answer✔✔Answer: c
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Rationale: The selected frequency of ultrasound determines the depth of penetration. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Frequency is most often 1 MHz or 3 MHz. Increasing the frequency of ultrasound causes a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
decrease in the depth of penetration and decreasing the frequency causes an increase in the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
depth of penetration. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A therapist uses iontophoresis to treat a patient with a fungal infection. Which substance
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
would be the most beneficial to utilize? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
||\\//|| a. copper sulfate
||\\//|| ||\\//||
