AP English Language and Composition
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1. Parallelism: Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning that are placed side by side, balancing
each other.
Effects on the audience:
1. Create rhythm or cadence, which improves flow and increases persuasiveness.
2. To balance ideas.
3. Emphasise certain words or ideas.
2. Antithesis: The exact opposite.
PEOA: Highlighting opposing ideas; emphasizing the importance of a particular point; making choices seem simpler;
creating a memorable and impactful statement.
Examples: "Get busy living or get busy dying."
"Speech is silver but silence is gold."
3. Anaphora: Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.
PEOA:
1. Creates a strong emo response.
2. Issues a call to action.
3. Builds up anticipation.
4. Reinforces to make sure the audience does not forget it.
5. Encourages the audience to pay attention.
Example: "So many books, so little time."
4. Polysyndeton: - Repetition of conjunctions in close succession.
- PEOA: Slows the audience down so they can take in all the information or possibly overwhelm them.
- Example: "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers."
5. Imagery: - Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste).
- PEOA: Evoke emotions, enable visualization, clarify complex notions, or make memorable an idea.
"Love, whether newly born or aroused from a deathlike slumber, must always create sunshine, filling the heart so full
of radiance, that it overflows upon the outward world."
6. Personification: The giving of human qualities to a non-human entity.
PEOA: Adds life, energy, and an element of relatability to things that would otherwise be lifeless; making a text richer
to read.
, AP English Language and Composition
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hsdafx
7. Consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds.
PEOA: Creates rhythm and tone, making language more memorable.
8. Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds.
PEOA: Creates rhythm and tone, making language more memorable.
9. Synecdoche: - A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole.
- PEOA: Emphasises certain parts of a whole, and draws attention to the power of associative and referential thinking
making it sound more interesting or poetic.
- Example: The word "bread" can be used to represent food.
10. Metonymy: - A figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it
is an attribute or with which it is associated.
- PEOA: Creates concrete and vivid images in place of generalities.
- Example: "Moscow's evil empire."
11. Hypophora: - Also known as an anthypophora or antipophora, hypophora is a figure of speech in which the
speaker poses a question and then answers the question themselves.
- PEOA: (a) As a transitional device, to take the discussion in a new direction, (b) a device to catch attention, since a
reader's curiosity is stimulated by hearing a question, and (c) to suggest and answer questions the reader might not
have thought of.
- Example: "When the enemy struck on that June day of 1950, what did America do? It did what it always has done in
all its times of peril."
12. Anadiplosis: - A word or group of words located at the end of one clause or sentence is repeated at or near
the beginning of the following clause or sentence.
- To persuade, create a sense of urgency or emotion, as well as to give a pleasing rhythm to text or speech.
- Example: "When you love, love with all your heart."
13. Epistrophe: - Repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses.
- PEOA: Creates an emotional appeal, makes ideas more memorable and forms a rhythm.
- Example: A government of the people, for the people, and by the people.
, AP English Language and Composition
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hsdafx
14. Symploce: Combination of anaphora and epistrophe.
PEOA: Rhythm, emotional impact, emphasis, coherence.
15. Asyndeton: - An omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.
- Can create a sense of accelerated or slowed rhythm, emotional distress or excitement, or emphasis on certain ideas
by deleting conjunctions like and, but, or, and as.
- Example: "I came. I saw. I conquered."
16. Apostrophe: - The speaker directly addresses someone (or something) that is not present or cannot respond
in verity. The entity being addressed can be an absent, dead, or imaginary person, but it can also be an inanimate object
(like stars or the ocean), an abstract idea (like love or fate), or a being (such as a Muse or god).
- Often begins with an exclamation.
- PEOA: Directs the reader's attention to something other than the person who is speaking.
- Example: "O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?"
17. Controlling Image: A literary device employing repetition so as to stress the theme of a work or a particular
symbol.
18. Allegory: - Conveys a hidden meaning usually moral, spiritual, or political through symbolic characters and
events.
- PE: Allows writers to create distance between themselves and the issues they discuss.
- Illustrated in works such as Animal Farm and The Pilgrim's Progress.
19. Metaphor: A comparison without using like or as.
PEOA: Vivid imagery, connectedness, empathy.
Example: "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players."
20. Ellipsis: - Shows an omission of words, represents a pause or suggests something left unsaid.
- PEOA: Can be used to condense time, or as a stylistic method to allow the reader to fill in the missing portions of the
narrative with their imagination.
21. Euphemism: Euphemisms help neutralize words that can come off as harsh, insensitive, or improper.
- "Make love" instead of "sex."
- "Put down" instead of "euthanized."
22. Horatian Satire: Gentle, amused, witty satire; mildly corrective.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hsdafx
1. Parallelism: Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning that are placed side by side, balancing
each other.
Effects on the audience:
1. Create rhythm or cadence, which improves flow and increases persuasiveness.
2. To balance ideas.
3. Emphasise certain words or ideas.
2. Antithesis: The exact opposite.
PEOA: Highlighting opposing ideas; emphasizing the importance of a particular point; making choices seem simpler;
creating a memorable and impactful statement.
Examples: "Get busy living or get busy dying."
"Speech is silver but silence is gold."
3. Anaphora: Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.
PEOA:
1. Creates a strong emo response.
2. Issues a call to action.
3. Builds up anticipation.
4. Reinforces to make sure the audience does not forget it.
5. Encourages the audience to pay attention.
Example: "So many books, so little time."
4. Polysyndeton: - Repetition of conjunctions in close succession.
- PEOA: Slows the audience down so they can take in all the information or possibly overwhelm them.
- Example: "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers."
5. Imagery: - Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste).
- PEOA: Evoke emotions, enable visualization, clarify complex notions, or make memorable an idea.
"Love, whether newly born or aroused from a deathlike slumber, must always create sunshine, filling the heart so full
of radiance, that it overflows upon the outward world."
6. Personification: The giving of human qualities to a non-human entity.
PEOA: Adds life, energy, and an element of relatability to things that would otherwise be lifeless; making a text richer
to read.
, AP English Language and Composition
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hsdafx
7. Consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds.
PEOA: Creates rhythm and tone, making language more memorable.
8. Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds.
PEOA: Creates rhythm and tone, making language more memorable.
9. Synecdoche: - A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole.
- PEOA: Emphasises certain parts of a whole, and draws attention to the power of associative and referential thinking
making it sound more interesting or poetic.
- Example: The word "bread" can be used to represent food.
10. Metonymy: - A figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it
is an attribute or with which it is associated.
- PEOA: Creates concrete and vivid images in place of generalities.
- Example: "Moscow's evil empire."
11. Hypophora: - Also known as an anthypophora or antipophora, hypophora is a figure of speech in which the
speaker poses a question and then answers the question themselves.
- PEOA: (a) As a transitional device, to take the discussion in a new direction, (b) a device to catch attention, since a
reader's curiosity is stimulated by hearing a question, and (c) to suggest and answer questions the reader might not
have thought of.
- Example: "When the enemy struck on that June day of 1950, what did America do? It did what it always has done in
all its times of peril."
12. Anadiplosis: - A word or group of words located at the end of one clause or sentence is repeated at or near
the beginning of the following clause or sentence.
- To persuade, create a sense of urgency or emotion, as well as to give a pleasing rhythm to text or speech.
- Example: "When you love, love with all your heart."
13. Epistrophe: - Repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses.
- PEOA: Creates an emotional appeal, makes ideas more memorable and forms a rhythm.
- Example: A government of the people, for the people, and by the people.
, AP English Language and Composition
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hsdafx
14. Symploce: Combination of anaphora and epistrophe.
PEOA: Rhythm, emotional impact, emphasis, coherence.
15. Asyndeton: - An omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.
- Can create a sense of accelerated or slowed rhythm, emotional distress or excitement, or emphasis on certain ideas
by deleting conjunctions like and, but, or, and as.
- Example: "I came. I saw. I conquered."
16. Apostrophe: - The speaker directly addresses someone (or something) that is not present or cannot respond
in verity. The entity being addressed can be an absent, dead, or imaginary person, but it can also be an inanimate object
(like stars or the ocean), an abstract idea (like love or fate), or a being (such as a Muse or god).
- Often begins with an exclamation.
- PEOA: Directs the reader's attention to something other than the person who is speaking.
- Example: "O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?"
17. Controlling Image: A literary device employing repetition so as to stress the theme of a work or a particular
symbol.
18. Allegory: - Conveys a hidden meaning usually moral, spiritual, or political through symbolic characters and
events.
- PE: Allows writers to create distance between themselves and the issues they discuss.
- Illustrated in works such as Animal Farm and The Pilgrim's Progress.
19. Metaphor: A comparison without using like or as.
PEOA: Vivid imagery, connectedness, empathy.
Example: "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players."
20. Ellipsis: - Shows an omission of words, represents a pause or suggests something left unsaid.
- PEOA: Can be used to condense time, or as a stylistic method to allow the reader to fill in the missing portions of the
narrative with their imagination.
21. Euphemism: Euphemisms help neutralize words that can come off as harsh, insensitive, or improper.
- "Make love" instead of "sex."
- "Put down" instead of "euthanized."
22. Horatian Satire: Gentle, amused, witty satire; mildly corrective.
